法益是什么——法社会学与法经济学的解答

What is a Rechtsgüeter:A Response from Legal Sociology and Law and Economics

法益理论源于德国的犯罪本质理论。我国刑法学界引入法益理论是为了解决传统社会危害性理论的空洞性问题,但法益理论与社会危害性理论都存在内容空泛、逻辑循环等缺陷。注释刑法学局限于对实定刑法进行解释进而试图描述法益,无从揭示社会危害性和法益的内涵,无从对刑事立法提供理论指导。应坚持实质的法益论,并在立法领域内以社会学的初级群体和次级群体范畴、经济学的分工理论和利益分化理论丰富和完善社会危害性理论和法益理论。初级群体的利益是以生命为核心的生存利益,包括由人身生存利益、财产生存利益构成的自然生存利益和安全利益两类。安全是对犯罪所侵害的各种秩序之共同本质的高度概括。社会危害性的内涵是初级群体侵害性,法益的内涵是生存利益。

The rechtsgüt theory, originated from Germany, is a theory concerning the nature of crimes. This theory has been introduced into China for the purpose of strengthening the contents of the traditional social harm theory. However, the rechtsgüt theory shares the same drawbacks with the social harm theory. The interpretive criminal legal theory confines itself to the interpretation of criminal laws in an attempt to describe the rechtsgiüeter, and is therefore incapable of uncovering the substance of social harm or rechtsgüeter and unable to provide theoretical guidance for criminal legislation. A substantial rechtsgüt theory is advocated from the pre-legislation perspective and the paradigms of primary group and secondary group in sociology, the economic theory of division of labor and the theory of stratified interests shall be applied to enrich and perfect the social harm theory and the rechtsgüt theory. The interests of the primary groups are the subsisting interests with human life as the core, divided in two categories： naturalsubsisting imerests consisting of physical subsisting interests and property subsisting interests as well as security interests. Security is the highest abstraction and comprehension of various orders violated by crimes. The substance of social harm is harm to primary groups, and the substance of rechtsgüeter is subsisting interest.