思维能否“建构”世界:施蒂纳与马克思——《德意志意识形态》中的“圣麦克斯”章解读

Could Reason "Construct" the World:Stirner and Marx——The Interpretation of the Chapter St.Max in the Germany Ideology

在《唯一者及其所有物》中,施蒂纳从强调人的"唯一性"的考虑出发,表达了他对语言、思维与世界之间相互关系的理解。他通过语言叙述使思维完成了对"世界"的"建构",又借助观念转换使思维实现了对现存世界的"占有"。而在《德意志意识形态》中,马克思认为,施蒂纳的思维观无论从实际上还是从逻辑上都会遇到诸多困难,因为它不能处理诸如现实内容的多样性、不同个体之间的"唯一性"、个人与实际生活之间的冲突以及观念怎样引导甚至支配现实等问题。当然,马克思的观点既与施蒂纳相对立,也与一般唯物主义不同,而是对唯心主义和唯物主义观照世界方式的双重超越。进一步说,语言之谜、思维之谜、世界之谜及其相互关系之谜,之所以剪不断、理还乱,根源在于"人"的现实复杂性和精神超越性。

In the work The Ego and Its Own, Stirner expresses his understanding of the relationship among language, reason and the world, in terms of his emphasize of the ego of human being. By the means of language narrative, he makes reason accomplish the ＂construction＂ of the ＂World＂, and also actualizes its occupation towards real world by the transformation of concepts. In the Germany Ideology, Karl Marx con- sidered Stirner＇s concept of reason will meet many kinds of difficulties practically or logically. As it could not well deal with the multiformity of reality, the ＂Egos＂ of different individuals, the conflicts between individual and his/her real life and how the concepts lead and administrate reality. Certainly Marx＇s opinion is against Stirner and also different from common materialism. He made a double-transcendency upon materialism and mentalism way of understanding the world. Furthermore, the confusion of the language myth, reason myth, world myth and their relations roots from the real complexity and spirit ascendancy.