成也法家,败也法家——商鞅、韩非法治思想异同论

All up to the Fa School: Legal Thoughts of Shangyang and Hanfei

秦朝作为我国第一个统一的君主专制帝国,之所以成于法家,也败于法家,是因为商鞅和韩非两位法家代表对政治和谐在法治走向公平过程中的价值认识和处理方式不同,即在法与权、君与臣、治与力三对关系的处理上出现重大分野所致。在法与权的关系上,商、韩二人一个奉行的是"中法"式独断,强调"任法而治",一个选择了"不共"式独断,强调君权第一,从法第二。两种君权独尊路径的不同导致法与权关系和谐的相异,最终使商鞅造就盛世,韩非导入暴政。在君与臣的关系上,商鞅强调以法治臣,提倡君臣合作,共同治理国家,使秦国获得强国富民所需的和谐的政治关系与稳定的政治秩序。韩非强调君臣利益的对立,坚持以术御臣,造成君臣关系的极度紧张,严重破坏了国家政治机器中的自我调整、自我纠错的公平和谐发展机制。在治与力的关系上,商鞅注重以法生国家之力,使秦走上了一条"刑生力,力生强","强必王"的变法成功之路。韩非注重以君主之术,生君权之力,最终失去了生力的重要源泉———臣心与民心。由此启示我们:要构建以民主法治和公平正义为首要特征的社会主义和谐社会,就应该把法治与公平放入政治和谐的视野中加以研究解决,而不能就法治谈法治,就公平谈公平,只有政治和谐发展,法治才能走向公平,公平才能得到最大实现。

As the first united feudal autocratic empire, Qing Dynasty began with its sound legal systems, but also ended with its tyrannical legal systems.Shang Yang and Han Fei,the two representatives of the different periods in the dynasty,differing from each other upon legal fairness in realization of political harmony under respective legal systems, coped in diversified ways with such three relations as that between laws and rights, between emperors and subjects ,and between legal systems and legal power.From Qing Dynasty,we can learn that,in order to establish a socialist harmonious society featuring the following four fac- tors ： democracy, law, fairness and justice, we should combine law with legal fairness in the scope of political harmony, rather than take law for the sake of law, and take legal fairness for the sake of fairness.In conclusion,only under the development：of political harmony, can we lead our legal systems to fairness, and can we realize fairness to the greatest extent.