文学治疗的民族志——文学功能的现代遮蔽与后现代苏醒

Ethnography of Literary Therapy——Modernistic Veil on Literary Therapy and its Post-modernistic Revival

文学为什么在所有的人类文化群体中存在?文学是怎样发挥其社会、文化功能的,这种功能是什么?西方现代性的知识体系虽建构出文学的独立学科,形成贵族化的文学经典尺度和以书写本文为前提的文学史观,却割裂了文学发生的文化语境,遮蔽了审视问题的原生态文学视野。因此,当今的文艺学理论虽讲文学的认识作用和审美作用,却忽略了文学最初的也是最重要的作用:包括治病和救灾在内的文化整合与治疗功能——人通过法术性的语言实践获得精神的自我救援与自我确证。文学人类学所提供的民族志材料,揭示出巫史同源和巫医不分的远古事实。其理论启示是:出自巫觋之口的祝咒招魂一类诗歌韵语,形态上属于文学,其功能却不是为了审美或欣赏,而是和萨满-巫医治疗的产物。以人类学在20世纪的萨满教研究为契机,西方知识体系内部发生的东方转向和原始转向,给文史哲专业带来一场后现代文化寻根运动:从艾利亚德、藤野岩友、张光直到格里马迪尔,完成了从屈原、耶稣到苏格拉底的巫师还原过程。并在西方文学的起点———口传歌手荷马的家乡找出希腊关键词ε′πω′δοζ"唱咒诗治病",给现代性的文学观带来巨变。从古印度《吠陀》的治病咒诗文本,到藏族《格萨尔》艺人的治疗术,再到台湾布农族的巫师文学治病案例、殷商甲骨卜辞的医疗观念、佛教六字真言的唱诵实践,文章列举出八种民族志材料,将"文学治疗"命题还原到现实生活的真实语境中,给出文化多样性的生动呈现。回到文学艺术所由滋生的文化田野之中,重新体察文学的精神医学原理,也就重新理解了文学的"人学"实质。

How does literature exert its social and cultural functions？ And what are these functions？ Although the modernistic western knowledge system has constructed an independent discipline of literature and brought into being an aristocratic measure on literary canon as well as a concept of literary history with the premise of the written texts, it had veiled the primitive literary vision that could survey and answer for the issues of cultural context because such a measure and such a concept had separated the literature and its cultural context that had generated literature. Therefore,literary theories of today emptily talk about the cognitive, educational and aesthetic functions of literature,but they neglect the most original and most important function of literature, that is, the function of curing and conforming a culture including curing illness and providing disaster relief-human beings gain self-rescue and self-confirmation through magic language practices. Many Ethnographies of Literary Therapy provided by literary anthropology disclose the facts that the sorcery and the history share the same source and the witches and the doctors are identical in the remote antiquity. The theoretical revelation of these facts are, although the poems and rhymed words uttered by witches to express wishes and curses, or to call back the spirits of the dead, belong to literature formally, they were not meant to be the objects of aesthetics and appreciation, instead, they were the products of shamans and witch doctors in curing. The imaginary ability of the shamans and witches to ascend to the heaven and descend to earth has brought literary and aesthetic inspiration to the mythical narrative and ritual performance, but the living literature of curing illness and banishing disasters were not pure literary or aesthetic activities, either. With the opportunity provided by the research on shamanism made by anthropology in the 20th century,eastward turning and primitive turning were made inside the western knowledge system, which brought about a post-modernistic movement to seek for the cultural root. From M. Eliade, Fujino Iwatomo, K. C. Chang to Nicolas Grimaldi, they have accomplished the reverting course of Qu Yuan, Jesus and Socrates to the witches or shamans. Meanwhile, the Greek keyword επωδοζ,or to cure illness through singing incantational poems,was found in Ionia , the motherland of oral singer Homer - the starting point of western literature, which brought tremendous change to the modernistic literary concept. The thesis enumerates seven ethnographical materials from the texts of singing incantational poems curing illness in Veda in ancient India, to the therapy of Tibetan epic singers of Gesar,and to the cases of curing through literature made by Bunong witches in Taiwan, the therapeutic idea embodied in the oracle inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells of the Shang Dynasty,and the singing and reciting practice of Buddhist six-word-incantation, in order to send the proposition of Literary Therapy back to the real context of true life,as well as to give an active representation of the cultural diversities. We should go back to the cultural field that nourishes art and literature. Experiencing and observing over again the psycho medical principle equals to understanding the essence of literature of a Human Study.