企业失灵:一个交易成本经济学的分析视角

An analysis of Hierarchy Failure from the Perspective of Transaction Cost Economics

企业和市场一样,同样存在着失灵问题。企业失灵是指企业替代市场之后,企业不能有效发挥配置资源的功能或者配置资源的效率低下,从而无法实现节约交易成本、达致帕累托最优的目的。导致企业失灵的原因有很多,主要包括两大类:一是人的因素,二是环境因素。其中人的因素包括有限理性、机会主义以及官僚主义;而环境因素主要包括内部激励约束、内部产权界定不清晰、信息不对称、垄断、集体行动的逻辑、市场狭小以及不确定性等。

The hierarchy is same as market, which s＇nnilarly can fail. The hierarchy failure means that after substituting the market, the hierarchy can not play a function on resource allocation effectively or the efficiency of resource allocation is very low, thus it is unable to save the transaction cost and realize the Pareto optimum. There are a lot of reasons that lead to the hierarchy failure, mainly including two big classes--one is the human factor, the other is the environmental factor. The human factor includes limited rationality, opportunism and bureaucracy; and the environmental factor mainly includes internal incentive mechanism restriction, unclear defined property right, information asymmetry, monopoly, illogical collective action, limitation and uncertainty of market and so on.