中国文化核心价值观“人”的观念的近代转型

Modern Transition of "Human" Concept in China's Cultural Core Value

"人"的观念的现代转型是全世界思想家数百年的研究主题,也是中国社会现代转型不可回避的问题。中国古代文化从人性善,即人与至善本体(仁、天理之类)同体共在出发,在抽象的意义上把人提到万物之灵的高度,但倡言去除人的天然欲望和政治权利,造成对人的千年桎梏。由西方发源的现代人论则把物欲满足、政治权利、思想自由视为人的根本自由。在中国近代,戊戌维新和辛亥革命领导人始公开承认人的私利的合理性,倡导人的解放。但他们未能把人的解放置于理性范围,最终放弃了初衷。新文化运动激进人士在更广泛的层面提倡人的解放,也讨论了人的私欲与社会亲和的关系问题,但因时间太短和过分强调精神解放,思想的局限性仍十分明显。五四以后,大多数启蒙者转入政治革命道路,国民党大倡文化回归,少数思想家继续人的解放的讨论,但对问题的思想源头缺乏探讨,研究未能深入下去。中国近代以来"人"的观念的转型探索任务远未完成。

It has been the theme of ideologists in the world for hundreds of years that the transition of human＇s ideology in modem times, the Chinese ideologists could not stride over either. The ancient Chinese culture advocated to the good- ness and virtues of the humans while the westerners reagarded it as the essential freedom of human beings by enjoining material desire, political entitlement and free ideology. In modern China, the pioneers of the Reform Movement of 1898 and Revolution of 1911 confessed to the rationality of the self-interests and sparkpluged the liberation of human beings but they failed at last. The radicals of the New Culture Movement upgraded the concept of the human~ s liberation, self- interets and social harmony. But obviously they focalized to the spiritual liberation due to the time pressures. Most of the pioneers shifted to the political and revolutionary causes after the May Fourth Movement. The Kuomingtang initia- ted the cultural return, some continued to discuss the human~ s liberation but could not carry on further since they could not reach the headstreams. Yet there is a long way to run to explore the transition of the human＇ s ideology in modern China.