清代史馆制度的特点

Characteristics of the Office of Historiography Institution in Qing Dynasty

和前代相比,清代史馆制度有自身的特点。顺康时期,清朝官方就形成了以常开、例开史馆为主干,以阅时而开、特开史馆为辅助的史馆格局,这种史馆格局既具有稳定性,又具有灵活性,功能完善,相得益彰,在清廷的政治运作中发挥了重要作用。清代帝王对史馆修史的干预更加全面,皇帝亲自确定修史项目,对史书修纂的内容进行全面指导,时常过问史馆的管理,并形成了史书修纂次第进呈御览的制度,一切仰承圣裁,保证了帝王意志在史馆内的贯彻执行。清代史馆还具有鲜明的民族特色,官方以制度化的方式规定了史馆内满汉纂修官的员额和比例,保证满人参与修史。清代史无专官,但史馆从组建、管理到史官选任、资料征集等,都有一整套严格而又灵活的运作机制。

Comparing with other institutions of office of historiography in previous dynasties, it has its own characteristics in Qing dynasty. The official pattern of the office of historiography has been in shape as early as the periods of Shunzhi emperor and Kangxi emperor, with the regular one full-time open and some special ones open occasionally. This pattern has both stability and flexibility,which plays a vital role in Qing politics. The Qing emperors put a lot of intervention into official history compiling. They themselves decided which project to chose, direct what historical events to compile, and often get involved in the management of the office of historiographer, which means that the official historians have to compile history strictly under the direction of their emperors. Besides, the Manchu nationality is another distinguis- hing feature of the office of historiography in Qing dynasty. There is a proportion between the number of Manchu historians and Han historians to ensure that the Manchu must take part in history compiling. In a word, the office of historiography in Qing dynasty is a strict and flexible institution.