区域间劳动力迁移对地区差距的影响

The Effects of Inter-regional Migration on Regional Disparities

新古典经济理论认为，劳动力从欠发达地区向发达地区迁移会导致显著的收敛效果，但国外的经验研究表明，有些国家的区域间劳动力迁移缩小了地区差距，而有些国家劳动力迁移反而扩大了地区差距，对这一经济理论与实证研究结果的矛盾（“迁移谜题”）目前还缺乏很好的解释。本文在新经济地理学的框架下通过引入资本的外部性、劳动力的不完全流动性以及城市经济学中的拥挤效应，建立了一个两区域经济增长模型，证明了由于存在“资本追逐劳动”的现象，区域间的劳动力迁移可能缩小、也可能扩大地区差距，这主要取决于资本的外部性和拥挤效应的相对大小，以及农村和城镇居民的技能差异，从而为“迁移谜题”提供了一个较合理的理论解释。本文的模型说明劳动力流动并不一定能自动缩小地区差距，因此政府必须采取进一步的积极措施促进区域协调发展。

According to economic theory, migration from low income regions to high income ones should have been an important source of income convergence, but empirical research finds that migration has in fact enlarged regional inequality in some countries. Some economists call this apparent gap the ＂Migration puzzle＂. Many people have tried to answer this puzzle but have not got a satisfactory one yet. Based on the framework of economic geography, this paper builds a dynamic general equilibrium model with capital and labor mobility to study the role of internal migration on regional income convergence. Contrary to traditional theory, the model shows that labor migration needn＇t give rise to income convergence because of capital mobility. The most important factors influencing the relation between internal migration and regional convergence are the intensity of ＂learning by doing＂, congestion costs, and skill differences between the natives and immigrants.