马铁菊头蝠(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)回声定位声波与生境类型和环境因子的关系

The echolocation calls of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum in relation to habitat type and environmental factors

2007年在吉林省罗通山自然保护区,利用超声波探测仪(Avisoft-SASLAB PRO)录制并分析不同生境中马铁菊头蝠的回声定位声波。结果显示马铁菊头蝠在不同类型生境中活动;各生境中回声定位声波参数存在显著差异(one-way ANOVA,P<0.05)。从环境因子中通过主成分分析筛选出与其回声定位声波相关的植被、气候和地形因子,探讨回声定位声波与这些因子的相关性。结果显示FM1和FM2带宽与乔木高(r=-0.948,-0.825;P<0.05)、FM1起始频率和FM2终止频率与林冠面积(r=-0.967,-0.958;P<0.05)、FM1起始频率、FM2终止频率和峰频与湿度(r=-0.776、-0.875和-0.794,P<0.05)、脉冲持续时间和脉冲间隔与平均灌木高均呈显著负相关(r=-0.911,-0.990;P<0.05),峰频与植被株数(r=0.756,P<0.05)、脉冲持续时间与冠下高呈显著正相关(r=0.870,P<0.05)。表明各种环境因子(植被因子、气候因子和地形因子)都在一定程度上影响回声定位声波,回声定位声波具有表型可塑性和生境适应性,这些特性决定了马铁菊头蝠生境利用的程度和可利用的资源。

The present experiment was carried out in Luotong Mountain Natural Reserve in Jilin Province, China, 2007. We recorded and analyzed the echolocation calls of Rhinolophus ferrumquinum in different habitats by using Avisoft Bioacoustics USG 116 and Avisoft-SASLAB PRO （Avisoft Bioacoustics, Berlin, Germany）. Our results showed that R. ferrmequinum occurred in diverse habitats in the study area, and their echolocation calls were significantly variable in different habitats （one-way ANOVA, P 〈 0. 05 ）. Vegetation, climatic and topographical factors were selected by components analysis and the correlation between echolocation calls and these factors were analyzed. The results indicated that although echolocation calls of R. ferrumequinum were all FM/CF/FM in different habitats, the parameters of echolocation calls correlated to variable environmental factors： significant negative correlation existed between FM1 bandwidth and arbor height （r = - 0. 948, P 〈0. 05）, FM2 bandwidth and arbor height （ r = - 0. 825 ; P 〈 0.05 ）, FM1 starting frequency and areas of canopy （r = - 0. 967, P 〈 0. 05 ）, FM2 termination frequency and areas of canopy （ r = - 0. 958, P 〈 0.05 ）, FM1 starting frequency and air relative humidity （ r = - 0. 776, P 〈 0.05 ）, FM2 termination frequency and air relative humidity （ r = - 0. 875, P 〈 0.05 ）, peak frequency and air relative humidity （ r = - 0. 794, P 〈 0.05）, the pulse duration and average shrub height （r = -0. 911, P 〈0. 05）, inter-pulse interval and average shrub height （ r = - 0. 990 ;P 〈 0.05）, respectively ; significant positive correlation between peak frequency and number of plant （r = 0. 756 ,P 〈 0. 05 ）, pulse duration and height below the canopy （r = 0. 870, P 〈 0.05 ）, respectively. In conclusion, many kinds of ecological factors （ such as vegetation factor, climatic and topographical factor） could effect on echolocation calls and made them diverse in different habitats, i.e. echolocation calls of bats had phenotypic flexibility and eco-adaptability. These characteristics determined the degree of habitat used and the natural resources in R. ferrumquinum.