景观生态学中的格局分析：现状、困境与未来

Landscape pattern analysis in landscape ecology:current,challenges and future

作为景观格局分析的重要手段,景观格局指数的提出与发展极大地推动了景观生态学的发展,但是由于众多景观格局指数在指示生态学过程方面的不足,近年来景观格局分析已经走入困境。在总结近年来国内外相关研究的基础上,对景观格局分析的现状、困境及未来发展方向进行了综述。景观格局分析仍然是景观生态学的重要方面,景观格局指数仍然是景观格局分析的主要手段。但是如何建立具有生态学意义的景观格局指数和分析方法,如何将景观格局与生态过程联系起来,以及如何将"基质—斑块—廊道"的景观生态学理论应用到实际中是目前景观格局分析面临的主要困境。基于对景观格局分析现状及困境的认识,提出了景观格局分析未来的5个发展方向:(1)景观格局分析应该从目前的静态格局描述发展到对动态格局的刻画,只有找到刻画动态格局的方法,才能将格局和过程有机地联系在一起;(2)通过对多种景观格局指数的联合应用,发掘景观格局指数集合体对生态过程的解释能力;(3)发展基于生态过程的景观格局指数和分析方法;(4)通过多维景观格局分析,定量研究景观格局演变与生态过程之间的关系;(5)多尺度景观格局分析,将为解决格局与过程的关系提出有效手段。

Landscape pattern metrics, as important means in landscape ecology, has resulted in the prosperity of landscape ecology. However, landscape pattern analysis was criticized recently for its poor correlation with ecological processes. In this paper, the current situation and challenges in landscape pattrn analysis was elaborated, and future of landscape pattern analysis was discussed. We believe landscape metrics are still the main method in spatial pattern analysis, and important for landscape ecology. However, three challenges are faced in landscape pattern analysis. How to develop new methods by integrating explicit ecological sense in landscape pattern analysis？ How to link landscape pattern and ecological processes？ How to apply the theory of ＂matrix-patch-corridor＂ in practice？ In future, five areas are to be addressed, （ 1 ） to develop a methodology to describe landscape pattern from static to dynamic; （2） to explore the ecological sense of landscape pattern by using a series of landscape metrics ; （3） to frame new landscape metrics by integrating an explicit ecological meanings ;（4） to conduct landscape pattern analysis at multi-dimensions; （5） to explain the relationship between landscape pattern and ecological processes by multi-scale pattern analysis.