中国小型水库溃坝规律与对策

Laws of dam failures of small-sized reservoirs and countermeasures

根据1980～2006年期间溃坝的小型水库数据,从不同历史阶段、坝型、坝高、决口部位、溃坝原因、溃坝月份、溃坝所在地区等多方面进行分类统计,阐述了小型水库溃坝的成因与规律。目前,年溃坝座数和年溃坝率较低,研究认为通过完善的水库法规化、规范化管理,并结合病险水库除险加固工程建设,我国小型水库的安全管理水平得到较大提升。还从综合统计和典型案例中总结小型水库溃坝防治经验,针对不同原因引起的溃坝,如溢洪道过小及溢洪道堵塞、质量问题包括新老坝体结合处渗漏、管理不当等,初步探究了加强小型水库安全管理的对策措施。

According to the data of dam failures of the small-sized reservoirs between 1980 and 2006, the statistics are made by use of the historical periods, dam types, dam heights, destructive positions, dam-failure reasons, the months of failure time and the regions, then the reasons and laws of dam failures are analyzed. At present, the number and the ratio of dam failures are very low due to the great improvement in dam safety management of small-sized reservoirs by implementation of relative laws and regulations and standards as well as the rehabilitation construction of endangered reservoirs. Experience is summarized from the statistics and typical cases. Considering different reasons of dam failures, such as inadequate spillway capacity or jammed spillways, poor engineering quality, seepage in the connection of new dams and old dams, improper management, etc., for the dam safety of small-sized reservoirs are studied.