从西北地区的清真寺和道堂经济看伊斯兰教教派与门宦的组织模式

Economy of mosques and Khanaqahs:the pattern of organization in Chinese Islamic Jiaopai and Menhuan

本文在对西北回族聚居区的清真寺和道堂经济进行实证研究的基础上,分析伊斯兰教内部教派与门宦的组织模式及穆斯林民间社会的经济整合机制。历史上在民族、宗教上层(包括政治、经济、宗教、知识各界精英)的大力支持下,西北地区的各大清真寺和道堂都拥有包括土地、房屋在内的雄厚的"瓦克夫"(宗教寺产)以维持清真寺的各项开支,并开展相应的公益事业。1949年以后由于国家政治制度的改造及社会领域的科层化发展,当前西北地区的各大清真寺和道堂举办宗教活动和建筑维修等各项开支主要依靠在市场经济中崛起的民族工商业者的支持和广大信教群众的自愿奉献。由于西部社会工业化、城市化总体发展水平较低,穆斯林经济收入有限,一部分穆斯林尚未摆脱贫困,加之政治精英、知识精英的缺位。导致当代西部回族聚居区的清真寺经济和道堂经济总体水平较低、经济基础薄弱、依赖性强,普遍缺乏开展社会慈善福利事业的能力。

Based on religious empirical study on economy of mosques and Khanaqahs in Chinese western Hui Autonomous region, this article analyses the pattern of organization, ritual characters and economic integrative mechanisms in Chinese Islamic denomination and Menhuan. Supported by the ethnic and religious elites （political, economic, religious and intellectual elites）, many mosques and Khanaqahs possessed abundant Waqf including lands and houses to maintain their expenses and beneficence in the past. However, the situation has changed due to the political system and the structural differentiation since 1949. Every mosque and Khanaqah mainly depends upon donations from Muslim entrepreneurs and the popular to pay for the cost of their construction and religious activities. As a result of lower degree of industrialization and urbanization in the western region in China, and the absence of political and intellectual elites, economy of modern mosques and Khanaqahs in Chinese western Hui Autonomous re- gion is lack of the capability to do more social welfare.