海口市登革热媒介分布与控制的研究

Study on the distribution and control of dengue fever vector in Haikou city

目的掌握登革热媒介的地理分布、孳生习性和季节消长情况,科学合理、有的放矢地投入卫生资源,在存在埃及伊蚊的主要地区开展媒介控制工作,预防和控制登革热的发生或流行。方法采用整群随机抽样方法,对全市24个乡镇、5个街道办事处和4个农场的1522个村(居委会)运用蚊幼虫调查法开展登革热媒介——埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊孳生地调查,掌握其地理分布、季节消长及密度,并与以往监测资料相比较,明确登革热媒介的地理分布、变迁和季节消长规律;在埃及伊蚊密度较高的6个乡镇采用"社区参与、健康教育、环境制约"的"儋州模式"开展以消灭媒介孳生地为主要措施的媒介控制工作。结果(1)调查的各乡镇、街道办事处和农场均有白纹伊蚊分布,阳性率为100%,自然村(居委会)阳性率为87.84%;埃及伊蚊分布在16个乡镇和2个农场,阳性率为54.54%,自然村(居委会)阳性率为32.46%;(2)埃及伊蚊幼虫全年均存在,密度高峰在5-11月,12月开始下降,12月至次年3月处于较低水平,4月开始上升;(3)埃及伊蚊布雷图指数从52.5降至34.4,控制效果明显,前后比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=832.18,P<0.005)。结论海口市仍广泛存在登革热流行的自然环境,通过媒介控制能有效降低蚊虫密度,从而阻断登革热的传播,而且媒介分布调查对科学合理、有的放矢投入或使用卫生资源,防控登革热具有十分重要的意义。

Objective To grasp the status of the geographical distribution, the breeding habit and the seasonal fluctuation of the dengue fever vector, so as to provide scientific basis for the reasonable use of public health resources and make the measure to prevent and control the occurrence or prevalence of dengue fever in the district where Aedes aegypti mainly appeared. Methods To investigate the breeding place of the dengue fever vector in the 1522 villages （resident committee） of the whole city by a cluster random sampling method, and to understand its geographical distribution, the seasonal fluctuation and its density by the breeding sites survey of mosquito larvae. Compare to the former surveillance data, know its geographical distribution, migration and the seasonal fluctuation. In the six villages and towns where the density of Ae. aegypti was higher, we adopted the ＂Danzhou Pattern＂ including ＂Community participation, Health education and Environment restriction＂ to do the vector control work that put the emphasis on the elimination of breeding places. Results （1） Ae. albopictus distributed all the investigated villages and towns, street offices and farms, which positive rate was 100%. The positive rate in the natural villages （residents＇ committee） was 87.84%. Ae. aegypti distributed in the sixteen villages and towns and two farms, which positive rate was 54.54%. And the positive rate in the natural villages was 32.46%. （2） There was Ae. aegypti larvae in the whole year. Its density was in the peak from May to November, and began to drop in December. The density was in the lower level from December to March of the next year, and began to rise in April. （3） When the Bretean Index （BI） of Ae. aegypti decreased from 52.5 to 34.4, suggested that the control effect was good. There was significant difference between them（χ^2 = 832.18, P 〈 0. 005）. Conclusion There were still many natural environments contributed to the prevalence of dengue fever in Haikou. The control of vectors could efficiently reduce mosquito density and prevent the spread of dengue fever. Moreover, it was significant for the reasonable use of public health resource and the prevention and control of dengue fever through the investigation of vector distribution.