氮肥基追比例对烟农19小麦氮素吸收利用及产量和品质的影响

Effect of Ratios of Base Fertilizer and Topdressing of Nitrogen Fertilization on Nitrogen Absorption,Utilization,Grain Yield and Quality of Wheat Variety Yannong 19

为给小麦高产、优质、高效生产的氮肥施用方案提供依据，采用盆栽和大田试验相结合的方法，于2004～2006年连续2个生长季研究了不同氮肥施1月时期和基追比例对烟农19小麦氮素吸收利用及产量和品质的影响，结果表明，在本试验土壤肥力条件下，氮肥施用时期后移和基追比例的增加可以明显促进小麦对氮素的吸收累积。与氮肥全部基施处理相比，基肥：拔节肥：孕穗肥为7：3：0（N7／3）、5：3：2（N5／3／2）、3：3：4（N3／3／4）的处理，氮肥吸收利用率分别提高了12．27％、29．88％和37．52％；在不影响产量的基础上显著改善了小麦籽粒品质；籽粒蛋白质含量与开花后植株氮积累量（r=0．765°）、成熟期植株氮积累量（r=0．685°和成熟期籽粒氮积累量（r=0．719°）均呈显著正相关，表明增加花后小麦植株氮素的同化量是提高籽粒蛋白质含量和改善小麦品质的重要途径。本试验条件下，基肥：拔节肥：孕穗肥为5：3：2的处理是兼顾产量和品质的最优处理。

Application of N fertilizer is one of the most important measures in wheat （Triticum aestivum L. ） production. Proper ratios of base/topdressing N fertilizer can promote wheat yield and quality without additional N input. To optimize N fertilizer application technique, the effects of different N fertilizer application stages and base/topdressing ratios on N uptake, utilization, grain yield and quality in winter wheat were studied by pot and field experiments in 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 growth seasons. A strong gluten wheat cultivar Yannong 19 was used in both pot and field experiments. Three treatments in the pot experiment were N10/0 （all nitrogen applied before sowing）, N7/3 （nitrogen fertilizer applied before sowing and at jointing with the ratio of 7 ： 3）, and N5/3/2 （nitrogen fertilizer applied before sowing, at jointing, and at booting with the ratio of 5 ： 3 ： 2）. The field trail was designed with 5 treatments including NO （no nitrogen fertilizer applied） as control and an extra nitrogen treatment N3/3/4 （nitrogen fertilizer applied before sowing, at jointing, and at booting with the ratio of 3 ： 3 ： 4）. In both pot and field experiments, the plant densities were equivalent to 225 plants·m^2 ; the rates of P, K, and Zn fertilizers applied before sowing were 90 kg P2O5·ha^-1 , 150 kg K2O·ha^-1 and 15 kg ZnSO4·ha^-1 , respectively; and total N application rates were 210 kg N ·ha^-1. The results showed that late fertilization and high topdressing ratios （N7/3, N5/3/2, andN3/3/ 4 treatments） promoted significantly （P〈0.05） N transfer and accumulation after anthesis in Yannong 15, as compared with N10/0 treatment in experimental conditions, and the transfer proportion increased significantly （P〈0. 05） by 12. 27%,29. 88% and 37. 52%, respectively. However, the grain yields of the 3 treatments of late fertilization and high topdressing ratios were lower than N10/0 treatment with only significant difference betweenN10/0 and N3/3/4. The3 treatments also had significant （P〈0.05） positive effects to protein content, wet gluten content, and sedimentation value of grain. Grain protein content was significantly correlated with plant N accumulation amount after anthesie （r=0. 765, P〈0. 05）, plant N accumulation amount at maturity （r=0. 685, P〈0.05）, and grain N accumulation amount at maturity （r=0. 719, P〈0.05）. It indicated that N assimilation increasing in plant after anthesie is favorable for improving protein content and grain quality. We advise to take the base/topdressing （at jointing and booting stages） ratio of 5 ： 3 ： 2 as the optimum under similar environments to our experiments in wheat production.