“差点儿没”及其相关结构的隐涵特性

The implicature of cha dian er mei and its related constructions

本文就两个方面对"差点儿没"及其相关结构进行了研究:1)"差点儿没、没差点儿、不是/并非差点儿"这几种表达式的语义语用特点以及隐涵义的计算;2)"差点儿没"的不企望用法和"没差点儿"的语法化来源。研究表明,这几种否定式都有两个意义,一个为字面意义,另一个为级差词"差点儿"引出的级差隐涵义。级差隐涵此时还受否定词辖域的影响,导致隐涵义的变化。隐涵义的计算也将依据于级差词与否定词的交叉情况而有所不同。另外,"不是/并非差点儿"还有一个元语言否定引发的意义,其作用是对隐涵义的否定。虽然"差点儿没"的不企望用法和"没差点儿"形式上不一样,但语义和隐涵特点一致。在语法化来源方面,本文尝试通过共时的方法运用意义来源关系来探讨语法化方向路径。根据"差点儿没/没差点儿"的语义以及隐涵义的来源特点,本文认为"差点儿没/没差点儿"来源于"差点儿",句法上通过羡余否定词的加入而实现。

This paper focuses on two aspects of cha dian er mei and its related constructions: a) the semantic and pragmatic properties of cha dian er mei, mei cha dian er and bu shi / bing fei cha dian er and computation of their implicatures, and b) the grammaticalization sources of mei cha dian er and the 'undesired' use of cha dian er mei. The analysis of the constructions shows that each form has two kinds of meaning: the literal meaning and the scalar implicature induced by cha dian er. The latter is affected by the scope of the negative when the scalar occurs within its scope and, accordingly, computation of the implicature has to be adjusted. Although the form of cha dian er mei differs from mei cha dian er, both have the same meaning properties when used in an 'undesired' context. Moreover, bu shi / bing fei cha dian er has an additional meaning that derives from meta-linguistic negation, which negates the implicature. With respect to grammaticalization, a synchronic method is adopted to explore its sources by examining meaning derivation. The above research leads to the postulation that both cha dian er mei and mei cha dian er derive from cha dian er via adding a redundant negative mei in syntax.