1Cohen MM, Cameron CB. Duncan PG. Pediatric anesthesia morbidity and mortalily in the perioperative period. Anesth Analg, 1990,70:160-167.
2Mamie C,,Habre W,Dethumeau C,et al. Incidence and risk factors of perioperative respiratory adverse events in children undergoing elective surgery, Paediatr Anaesth,2004,14: 218-224.
3Jeans WD, Fernando DC, Maw AR. A longitudinal study of the growth of the nasopharynx and its contents in normal children. Br J Radiol,1981,54:117-121.
4Vogler RC,Ii FJ,Pilgram TK. Age specific size of the normal adenoid pad on magnelic resonance imaging. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci,2000,25:392-395.
5Evans RG,Crawford MW,Noseworthy MD, et al. Effect of increasing depth of propofol anesthcsia on upper airway con figuration in children. Anesthesiology,2003,99 : 596-602.
6Litman RS, Weissend EE, Shrier DA, et al. Morphologic changes in the upper airway of children during awakening from propofol administration. Anesthesiology, 2002,96 : 607-611.
7Montravers P, Dureuil B, Desmonts J M. Eeffects of i. v. mindazolam on upper airway resisance. Br J Aneasth, 1992,68: 27-31.
8Drummond GB. Comparison of sedation with midazolam and ketamine:effects on airway muscle activity. Br J Anaesth, 1996,76:663-667.
9Onal E, Lopata M,O'Connor T. Pathogenesis of apncas in hypersomnia sleep apnea syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1982,125:167-174.
10Arens R,Sin S,McDnnough J M,et al. Changes in upper air way size during tidal breathing in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2005, 171:1298-1304.
5ANDROPOULOS D B,ROWE R W,BETTS J M.Anaesthetic and surgical airway management during tracheo-oesophaageal fistula repair[J].Paediatr Anaesth,1998,8(5):313-319.
6TANAKA M,SATO M,SAITO A,et al.Reevaluation of rectal ketamine premedication in children:comparison with rectal midazdam[J].Anesthesiology,2000,93(3):1217-1224.
7Berkenbosch JW,Graff GR,Stark JM, et al. Use of a remifentanil-propofol mixture for pediatric flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy sedation. Paediatr Anaesth, 2004, 14:941- 946.
8Drummond GB. Comparison of sedation with midazolam and ketamine: effects on airway muscle activity. Br J Anaesth, 1996,76..663-667.
