预设的归结、特点及会话应用

The Reductionism and Characteristics of Presupposition and Its Conversational Application

预设、蕴含和含义是语言学上的三个概念,自从1974年Stalnaker提出语用预设以来,预设的研究成为一个热点同时也是难点问题。由于它和蕴含、含义之间的关系密切,有学者提出了把预设归结到蕴含和各类会话推断(指含义)中去,这就是所谓的"预设的归结论"。本文给出了对三个概念的界定,并通过一些例子分析了预设归结论的貌似合理性,指出了预设的归结论的实质,并举例说明如何利用预设的特点更好地为语言交际服务。

Presupposition, entailment and implicature are three important notions in linguistics. Since Stalnaker introduces the notion of pragmatic presupposition in 1974, the study of presupposition has become a hot but rather complex issue. As presupposition bears a close relationship with entailment and implicature, some researchers propose to reduce it to entailment and various kinds of conversational inference（i, e. implieature）, which is known to be ＂presupposition reductionism＂. Based on the definition of the three terms, this paper makes an analysis on some typical examples to show that reductionism may hold to some extent. Furthermore, the paper also points out the essense of reductionism and illustrates the way to utilize the features of presupposition in verbal communication.