俄罗斯阿穆尔州伊万诺夫卡区特罗伊茨基墓地古环境初探

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE PALAEOENVIRONMET IN THE AREA OF TROITSKY BURIAL GROUND OF IVANOVKA DISTRICT IN AMURSKAYA,RUSSIA

采用孢粉分析方法对中俄合作发掘获得的探方10中第3层、第2层采集的孢粉土样进行分析鉴定,研究了位于俄罗斯阿穆尔州伊万诺夫卡区特罗伊茨基墓地的古代自然环境。孢粉检测结果显示,两个样均含有较多孢粉,但孢粉种类较少。出现的植物有23科,31属,其中乔、灌木植物和草本植物有松科(Pinaceae)、苋科(Amaranthaceae)、天南星科(Araceae)、桦木科(Betulaceae)、紫草科(Boraginaceae)、桔梗科(Campanulaceae)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、菊科(Compositae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)、壳斗科(Fagaceae)、龙胆科(Gentianaceae)、禾本科(Gramineae)、毛茛科(Ranunculaceae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)、杨柳科(Salicaceae)、茄科(Solanaceae)、瑞香科(Thymelaeaceae)、榆科(Ulmaceae)、荨麻科(Urticaceae)、虎耳草科(Saxifragaceae)、浮萍科(Lemnaceae)等21科的花粉;蕨类植物有石松科(Lycopodiaceae)、水龙骨科(Polypodiaceae)等两个科的孢子出现。研究表明,本区在以往所谓的隋唐时期暖温气候阶段呈现的唐中期比较干旱寒冷的气候特征应当是在晚全新世降温的大气候环境背景下,较高纬度地区的地方气候响应。辽代早期的气候愈发干旱寒冷化。中温带与寒温带的过渡是本区现代气候特征。本区的气候环境背景应当支持以渔猎采集为主的经济形态。本项研究一方面提高了这一地区晚全新世期间更小时间尺度环境研究的精度,另一方面通过孢粉分析及古代植被和气候比较研究,为深入全面地了解靺鞨人不同经济形态和生业模式与环境背景条件的关系奠定了植物考古基础。

In order to have a better understanding about the environmental background of economic style and living pattern of an ancient ethnic group of Mohe,based on the firsthand spore-pollen materials collected from the strata （layer 2 and layer 3 in 10^6h excavating square） in the area of Troitsky Burial Ground of Ivanovka District in Amurskaya of the Far East of Russia,the authors carried out the research on the ancient vegetation and climatic environment with the detailed results of spore-pollen analysis and archaeological relics. The results of the spore-pollen analysis are as follows： Palynologically both samples are high in quantity but low in diversity. 31 genera in 23 families are identified, which include pollen of arbores, bushes, and herbs such as Pinaeeae, Amaranthaceae, Araceae, Betulaceae, Boraginaceae, Campanulaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Cyperaceae, Fagaceae, Gentianaceae, Gramineae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae, Solanaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Ulmaceae, Urticaceae, Saxifragaceae, Lemnaceae and spores of pteridophytes such as Lycopodiaceae and Polypodiaceae. The result shows that in the middle of Tang Dynasty（ 1220 ± 50aB. P./1560 ±75aB. P. ）the climate in that area became cool and dry with steppe developed and even colder and drier in the early Liao Dynasty,although the background climate is the so called warm period in Sui ＆ Tang Dynasties. This might be explained as the regional climatic response to the trend of global changes during the Late Holocene, firstly shown in ligh latidudes. Under such a climate a fishing, hunting, and gathering economy is more reasonable than a farming one although the latter is common in the center area of the Mohe Culture. This study not only improves the precision of small scaled environmental researches of the region in the Late Holocene but also sets up an environmental background for a better understanding of the relationship between economic pattern and living style of Mohe man.