“颜渊问仁”章试诠——从“仁—礼”与“人—己”关系看孔子“仁学”

Decoding Yan Yuan's Inquiry on Benevolence——on the Doctrine of Benevolence in Regard to Benevolence-rites & Oneself-others Relationships

《论语.颜渊》篇的"颜渊问仁"章所提出的"克己复礼为仁"命题,是孔子论"仁"的总纲。古今学者多通过对其中"克己"、"复礼"、"为仁"三个思想要素的诠释,阐述孔子的思想。但是,从该章所包含的"仁—礼"、"人—己"这两层关系入手探究孔子的"仁学"思想以及他所追求的"仁"与"礼"、"人"与"己"相统一的理论目标,可以更清楚地看到,在周礼已经空洞化、形式化的情势下,孔子要"复"的"礼",是由他赋予了"仁"的内涵并以"仁"加以整合的"礼",而不是人们所说的"周礼";在"人—己"关系中,孔子强调"为仁由己",特别重视"己",凸显了对儒者"为仁"的自觉与自信的要求,表现了儒学重视人的主体性和实践理性的特点。

Yan Yuan＇s Inquiry on Benevolence included in the Analects of Confucius presents the proposition that self-restraint and restoration of rites are benevolence, the core of the doctrine of benevolence. Scholars have interpreted Confucius＇ thoughts from these three perspectives- self-restraint, restoration of rites and benevolence. But attention should be paid to benevolence-rites ＆ oneself-others relationships, by means of which, Confucius＇ thoughts on benevolence and his pursuit of unifying benevolence and rites, oneself and others can be analyzed. It is obvious that the rites Confucius tried to restore are no longer the hollow and formalized rites in the Western Zhou Dynasty, but new rites integrated with benevolence. In the relationship between oneself and others, Confucius emphasized benevolence, depending on oneself, highlighting one＇s own efforts. Confucianists＇ benevolence is realized by self-consciousness and self-conviction, characterized by the emphasis on subjectivity and practical reason.