社群主义与自由主义之间本体论差异的辨析——基于泰勒与柏林自由观的比较分析

The Discrimination between the Ontology of Communitarianism and Liberalism:the Analysis of Comparison between Taylor's and Berlin's Notion of Freedom

自由主义者以赛亚.柏林与社群主义者查尔斯.泰勒都认可自由是重要的价值规范,但前者把自由看作是免于外在干涉的个人的选择自由,后者则把参与自治看作是自由的实质。二者自由观的差异体现着自由主义与社群主义之间的本体论差异,即个人与社会何为本原的差异。自由主义认为应当依据个人的性质来解释社会的行动、结构和状况,应当依据个人的善来解释社会的善;而社群主义则认为应当依据社会来解释构成性的个人,应当依据社会的共同善来解释个人的善。

Isaiah Berlin and Charles Taylor, one liberal and one eommunitarian respectively, recognized that freedom was an important value system, but their notions of freedom were very different. The former defined freedom as individual freedom of choice independent of interference by others, while the latter claimed self-rule was the essence of freedom. The difference between the notions of freedom embodies the difference between the ontology of communitarianism and liberalism, that is, whether society or individual is noumenon. The liberalism claims one ought to account for social actions, structures, and conditions in terms of properties of the constituent individuals, and account for social goods in terms of the individual goods ; but the communitarianism claims that one should account for the constituent individuals in terms of the society, and account for the individual goods in terms of the social goods.