汉代非单棺墓葬的考古学意义观察--以中小型墓葬为观察对象

A Study of Non-single Burials in Han Dynasty——a focus on middle and small class sized tombs

汉代的非单棺墓,即同穴多人葬,包括有亲缘关系的合葬墓和非亲缘关系的主仆同葬墓。本文所论非单棺墓,为有亲缘关系的合葬墓。这类墓葬的考古年代学类型有同时合葬和异时合葬两种形式。同时合葬因迁葬或同时丧亡而形成,异时合葬则由于先后丧亡因而先后入葬形成。异时而葬的合葬墓,墓主葬入的时间虽有绝对的先后,但因考古学研究方法的特性,对先后葬入的随葬品的考古年代学分期,会有同一时间段或不同时间段两种结论。对于非单棺墓葬的研究,我们首先要重视资料报道的准确性,其次要以对单棺墓葬的分析作为研究的前提,此外要注意辨析同一墓葬内和不同墓葬间不同器物群组之间的关系。

Non-single burials in Han dynasty, referring here to a tomb that buried more than one person, consist of those tombs for buring family members with blood-ties and those for buring non-family members bearing the owner-servant relations. This study focuses on discussion of family multiple burials. It Is suggested that such family multiple burials can be classfied into two groups： same-time burying and different-time burying. The former could be a results of either secondary moves of the burials or the deaths at the same time, while the latter resulted from deaths in a different time. Clearly, multiple burials with the family members buried separately had absolute different time of death and burying. However, archaeological study on burials goods from such multiple member burials can only suggest two relative chronological references： same-time stage or different-stage of burying. Therefore, this study cautions the research on chronological study of the multiple burials, first by providing accurate information data or background information in excavation report and second by studying thoroughly single-member burials of the same period. This paper further suggests that a study of burial good associations within the tomb or between tombs are vital important for studying multiple family member burials.