产权、公共空间和城市设计

Property Rights, Public Space and Urban Design

本文讨论城市公共空间供需平衡的问题。在这个意义上,它是一篇关于公共领域经济学的文章。从城市规划师和设计师的角度出发,本文为思考开放空间的动态变化、解释都市形态学的演变以及预测城市设计的结果提供了一整套分析工具,考虑了通过共享和私人空间来处理公共领域问题以及通过明确产权来解决问题的方法。城市开放空间在这个分析中作为剩余用地类别出现,表明了开放空间的设计和管理方式。它引出了这样的想法,即一个城市不同层次的共享空间应该对应不同等级的管理机构。在创造可持续的公共领域以及避免本文提及的都市"公地悲剧"中,物质环境和制度设计都是很重要的。

This paper addresses the problem of balancing the supply of public urban space with demand. It is, in that sense, a paper on the economics of the public realm. It is written with urban planners and designers in mind and offers a set of analytical tools for thinking about the dynamics of open space explaining the evolution of urban morphologies and predicting the outcome of urban designs. It considers the way in which shared and private spaces develop public domain problems and the way in which these are resolved by the clarification of property rights. Urban open space emerges from this analysis as a residual category of land and this has implications for the way open space is both designed and governed. It leads to the idea that the hierarchy of shared spaces in a city should correspond to a hierarchy of governing institutions. Physical and institutional design are both important in creating sustainable public realms and avoiding what the paper terms the tragedy of the urban commons.