合作型的全球城市--德国城市体系研究及其对上海的启示

Cooperative Global City:Study on German City System and Enlightenments to Shanghai

与美国、英国和日本不同,德国作为世界上最重要的经济体之一,并没有一个顶级的全球城市。对德国城市体系的分析显示,德国拥有一个由多个重要城市构成的城市体系网络,城市间存在良好的劳动分工和专业化协作,且具有高度的交通可达性。这种城市体系结构加强了区域之间的竞争,有利于发现更好的问题解决方法,而且与单一的全球城市相比具有较低的拥堵成本。这种城市体系并没有影响甚至是强化了德国企业在世界高端产品生产上的优势地位,德国企业也并没有因缺少单一的全球城市而丧失了全球经济的控制权。因而,从成效出发,德国城市系统可以被看作是一个合作型的全球城市。这样的经验为上海建设国际经济、金融、贸易和航运中心提供了新思路,未来的国际经济中心城市应该突破上海行政界限,定位为长三角地区合作共建的全球城市。为此,长三角城市间要合理分工和专业化协作,以市场机制为根本实现路径,并进一步提高城市间的交通可达性。

Unlike the US, the UK and Japan, Germany has no global city but remains one of the most important economies in the world. The study on German city system shows that Germany is characterized by a network of several strong cities of nearly the same rank. These cities are characterized by a well established division of labor and functional specialization. The city network is highly accessible and well connected. The decentralized structure of the German city system enhances competition between regions and serves as means to find new and better solutions. Another advantage is the lower level of congestion costs in comparison to mega-cities. The German industry specializes in quality production in the upper segments of the world market. This quality production goes hand in hand with a close cooperation between industry and services in close spatial relations （manufacturing-service-districts）. In this sense the thesis is put forward that the German city system could be served as a cooperative or virtual global city. The experience from Germany gives enlightenments to the development of Shanghai toward the international economic, financial, trade and shipping center. The future Shanghai should aim at a cooperative global city which is based on the cooperation of cities in the Yangtze-Delta. Therefore, the good division of labor and functional specialization among the cities in the Yangtze-Delta should be established, the market but not the government should work as the main mechanism, and the accessibility of the city network should be improved.