资源分配悲剧性选择中的环境权——从环境资源分配角度看环境权的利益属性

Environmental Rights in Tragic Choices of Resource Allocation——Interest nature of environmental rights from environmental resource allocation

利益要素反映了环境权某些方面的本质。要从利益本质方面理解环境权,可以具体从环境资源分配的角度予以考察。具有稀缺性的资源的分配是社会带有悲剧性的选择——即社会从不同的价值观出发采用不同的标准在不同领域、不同主体之间分配稀缺资源,它包括了资源分配的一级决定和二级决定两个层面,环境资源的分配也是如此,同时又带有特殊性。社会在对资源分配进行悲剧性选择中有市场手段、政治手段、抽签法和惯例等四种手段,这四种手段在分配稀缺的环境资源中发挥着各自不同的重要作用但也存在着很多缺陷,从本质上说,环境权的制度设计也是一种分配环境资源的手段,这一手段对于上述传统的四种手段的弊端可以起到某种程度矫正或者弥补作用。

Interest factors reflect the essence of environmental rights. The scarcity of environmental resource and the need of allocating scarce environmental resource arc the material cause of the creation of environmental rights. To understand environmental rights in the aspect of interst nature, we can specifically inspect the allocation of environmental resources is tragic choices of society society allocates scarce resources from different values and standards between different subjects in different areas. It comes from culture tragedy and includes first-order determination and second-order determination of resouce allocation. Allocation of scarce environmental resources has the same situtation and it is special as well. The trgaic choices of society for resources allocation has four means： market means, lottery allocation, drawing lots and customary determination. The four means play different important roles in the allocation of scarce environmental resources, but they also have many flaws. In essence, the system design of environmental rights is also a mean of allocating environmental resources. This means can correct or compensate for some defects of the above four traditional methods.