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儿童神经母细胞瘤诊断治疗现状 被引量:10

Current Condition of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neuroblastoma in Children
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摘要 神经母细胞瘤(NB)是年龄较小儿童常见的实体肿瘤,诊断应由熟悉儿童肿瘤的病理学专家完成,但有时仍不能与其他小圆细胞的儿童肿瘤相鉴别。全世界公认诊断NB的最低标准为:1.光镜下获肿瘤组织的肯定病理诊断。儿茶酚胺或代谢产物升高,包括多巴胺、高香草酸、香草扁桃酸。2.骨髓针吸或环钻活检均获得确定的肿瘤细胞及尿、血浆中儿茶酚胺或代谢产物升高。儿童NB的某些生物学变量已被确定,特别是Shimada组织学分级、肿瘤DNA倍性和肿瘤组织内N-myc基因扩增,如何治疗取决于这些因素。其他生物学变量包括染色体1p缺失、17q长臂增强、神经生长因子受体高亲和力基因编码表达(TRK-A、TRK-B)、17q、14q杂合体缺失等。临床病理学分期系统包括评价肿瘤标本的基质数量,神经细胞成熟程度,细胞核有丝分裂指数。国际肿瘤协作组依据年龄、国际神经母细胞瘤分期系统(INSS)分期和肿瘤病理(MYCN状况、Shimada组织学、DNA倍性)将NB患儿分为低危、中危和高危组。目前,NB的治疗进展主要是针对高危病例,其治疗要点可概括为3个方面:加强诱导治疗、灭髓治疗和对微小残留病灶的治疗。以铂类为主的诱导方案化疗,有效率为68%~90%。新的细胞毒性药物:拓扑异构酶Ⅰ抑制剂(托普替康)加环磷酰胺或卡铂对难治性或复发的NB有效。外周血干细胞连续移植支持下的灭髓治疗,使得高危NB的3a无事件生存率已达58%,且不良反应可以接受。尽管给予多种方式的强力治疗,仍有超过50%的高危NB患儿由于耐药导致残留病变而复发。类视黄醇、维A酸类可诱导NB分化,调低MYCN mRNA表达,使瘤细胞持续增殖停止。高危组NB的其他治疗选择包括放射性碘标记的间碘苄胍、抗血管生成、抗神经节苷酯(GD2)抗体的免疫治疗、神经营养素信号抑制剂、凋亡前药物[桦木醇酸、多种反义核苷酸抑制B淋巴细胞瘤(BCL2)的药物]治疗等。
作者 张广超
出处 《实用儿科临床杂志》 CAS CSCD 北大核心 2008年第23期1793-1796,共4页 Journal of Applied Clinical Pediatrics
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