近代南京城市社会空间结构变迁--基于1929、1947年南京城市人口数据的分析

THE TRANSFORMATION OF NANJING URBAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE DURING THE MODERN TIMES

本文以1929年、1947年两时间断面南京城市人口数据为基础,利用城市生态因子分析手段,采用聚类分析方法,分别将1929年、1947年南京城市社会区划分为三个和四个类型区。研究发现不同时段南京城市社会空间结构的主因子、类型以及空间分布等方面均存在较大差异,这是近代中国社会的激烈变革在城市空间上的反映;南京城市社会空间变化过程显示出极大的"矛盾性",一方面中国传统城市"士农工商"各社会阶层混居和单一的城市功能模式被打破,工业区与居住区分离;但城市居住、商业活动仍保持十分密切的联系;《首都计划》是近代南京城市社会空间结构变迁的主要"驱动力"。

The researches on urban social structure have been done since 1940s in the West. There have been many studies of the social structure of major cities by using the data of the Fifth National Population Census at the sub-district level recently in China. Because of limited and unavailable data in the Modem Era, most of studies were confined to the study of urban social structure in the transition period of 1980s-2000s. The research fruits of urban social areas on China＇s city are rather limited. This paper studies the social spatial structure of Nanjing through factorial ecological analysis and cluster analysis based on the data of the census survey in 1929 and 1947 in Nanjing. According to the factor scores in these two years, Nanjing City could be divided into three types of social area in 1929 and four types in 1947. Three types of social area in 1929 included： 1 ）Low density, government and education function social areas; 2）High density, crowdedly inhabited social areas; 3 ）Slum in the periphery of Nanjing. Four types of social area in 1947 included： 1）High density, mixed function social areas; 2）Low density, urban developmental social areas; 3 ）Slum composing floating population social areas; 4）Low density, agricultural social areas.The social structure of Nanjing had evolved from 1929 to 1947. In 1929, the main components of social structure in Nanjing included： urban commercial and inhabited factor, urban governmental and educational factor and urban religion factor. In 1947, the main components of social structure in Nanjing included： urban commercial and inhabited factor, urban governmental and educational factor, agricultural factor and floating population factor. From the comparison of the above-mentioned, it can be seen one of the social structure components - the religion factor disappeared in 1947 while the floating population factor and the agriculture population factor became the principle components. In 1947, the number of the components of social structure and the types of social areas in Nanjing were more complicated than in 1929. In a word, the main components, types and model of social areas in Nanjing in 1947 changed a lot, The evolution of social structure in Nanjing displays the inconsistency and the breakpoint in the process of the Modem Era. In a way, the mixed inhabited model of Chinese traditional city wasbroken, the urban industrial zone and the habitation zone were separated. But the habitation zone and the commercial zone exited in same district and were tied up in Nanjing. And the evolution of social structure in Nanjing was forced by the capital urban planning.