田野中“何物存在”——以人类学实在观为焦点

What's in the Field:Focus on the Anthropological View of Reality

无论表现如何不同,人类学最主要的目的是形成关于对象文化的认识。与其他学科相比,人类学认识的特殊性在于它以田野作业为基础。田野作业的基础性使人类学研究的经验性与实证性得到充分强调,与此同时,也可能让研究者陷入未经反思的实在论承诺,以致忽视必不可少的认识论考量。不幸的是,这一倾向在目前的人类学界仍然很普遍。在此背景下,本文借田野中"何物存在"这个问题引出关于人类学实在观的讨论,在田野作业的方法论情境中审视实在论的困局和不可避免的建构性,进而从理论的维度反观人类学表层实在、深层实在、关系实在和解构实在四种实在观的变更脉络,为人类学实在观的建构与反思创造必要的认识论语境。

No matter what different appearances through which anthropology demonstrates itself, its main aim is to form the knowledge about object culture. In comparison with other disciplines, the speciality of the knowledge of anthropology lies in fieldworks which constitute its base. The fundamentality of fieldwork results in the emphasis on the empiricality and positivity as well as the realist commitment sometimes without researcher＇s reflection of it, risking of making the researcher overlook the necessary epistemological aspect. Unfortunately, this tendency seems to have become pervasive at present in anthropology research. Against such a background, through analyzing the question of ＂what＇s in the field＂, this article introduces the discussion on anthropological view of reality by examining the realism dilemma and its inevitable nature of being constructed conceptually in the methodological situation of fieldwork and introspecting the transformation of anthropological view of reality in four states, namely, superficial reality, profound reality, relative reality and deconstructed reality from a theoretical perspective, with an objective of offering a necessary epistemological context for the construction and reflection of the anthropological view of reality.