清代乾隆政府灾害救助中之“截拨裕食”问题

The Question of Withholding and Allocating of Grain to Ensure Food Supply during the period of Emperor Qian Long in the Qing Dynasty

清代乾隆时期我国自然灾害发生频繁。乾隆认为:"民庾即天庾"。为了解决灾民的食粮问题,他在其有关荒政思想的指导下,一方面通过截拨漕粮、调拨银两和以丰济歉等手段,直接向被灾地区调拨入大量粮、银;另一方面主要采取遇灾暂免粮食关税,暂解米粮入海、入口之禁,严禁地方官员遏籴等间接的"截拨"措施,充分发挥中央政府对粮食市场的宏观调控作用,在政策上引导市场对灾区进行粮食调拨。最终基本达到了"裕食"灾民、维护社会稳定的目标。

During the Qian Long period of the Qing dynasty, China witnessed frequent natural disasters. Emperor Qian Long thought that the national barns were nongovernmental barns by nature. In order to ensure food supply in the disaster hit areas, effective measures were taken under the guidance of Emperor Qian Long＇s thoughts on famine relief. On one hand, grain supposed to be transported to the capital by water was partly withheld and allocated; money was allocated; there was famine relief efforts in disaster hit areas with the help of areas with bumper harvests. As a result, a great deal of food and money were allocated to disaster hit areas. On the other hand, grain was exempt from tariffs temporarily; the ban on grain＇s moving to and from the sea was lifted and so was the restriction on rice buying. By so doing, the feudal central government played a full role in its macro control over its grain market and free circulation of grain between areas with bumper harvests and those without was promoted. Eventually, the objective of feeding the victims of natural disasters properly was achieved by and large, which had a far-reaching influence on the timely and effective disaster relief efforts and the maintenance of public stability.