高氯酸盐环境行为与生态毒理研究进展

Research advance in environmental behavior and ecotoxicological effects of perchlorate

高氯酸盐是一种无机污染物质,其特点是扩散速度快、稳定性高、难降解,较低浓度的高氯酸盐可干扰甲状腺的正常功能,从而影响人体正常的新陈代谢,阻碍人体正常的生长和发育,其环境污染问题已引起了人们高度关注,成为近年环境科学和医学的研究热点。文章在介绍高氯酸盐的理化性质和用途的基础上,综述了各地水体环境、饮用水以及牛奶、蔬菜等食品中高氯酸盐的污染现状,发现很多国家境内都存在不同程度的高氯酸盐污染,高氯酸盐在中国环境中也是普遍存在的,在污水淤泥、水稻、瓶装饮用水和牛奶中均能检测到;初步探讨了高氯酸盐在土壤和水体中的环境行为,认为环境中高氯酸根离子的降解主要是生化降解,微生物在其降解过程中起主要作用;综述了高氯酸盐对植物、动物、微生物和人体的急慢性毒性效应,指出自然环境中的高氯酸盐浓度很有可能具有慢性毒性;最后就高氯酸盐在生态环境中的检测方法和生物降解等研究前沿进行了展望,为今后高氯酸盐的使用、污染预防及治理提供参考。

Perchlorate is a new emerging pollutant that can diffuse rapidly in environment, and it is very stable and difficult to be degraded in environment conditions. Perchlorate contamination with low level can interfere thyroid gland function of human beings and has ecotoxicity to some organisms. As a potential endocrine disruptor, perchlorate can threaten the health of both human and wildlife populations. Perchlorate related environmental problems have attracted a great attention from many scientists. Based on limited available data, this paper introduced physical and chemical characters of perchlorate, summarized research advancement of perchlorate contamination and its ecotoxicity on several living organisms and human beings at home and abroad, approached the negative action of perchlorates in soil and water. Moreover, further researches on monitoring methods and decomposition by bacteria were also prospected in order to minimize ecotoxicity of perchlorate on ecosystem and human health. The paper provides some references to the future application, treatment and prevention ofperchlorate.