“认同危机”、“新民”与“国民性改造”——辛亥革命前后中国人教育思想的演进

Crisis of Identity,New Citizen and Reconstruction of National Character:The Evolvement of Educational Thoughts in Early 20th Century

在辛亥革命前后的二三十年间,民族危机与人格危机普遍弥漫于国民心中,这场危机的实质可表达为近代中国人产生了民族和人格的"认同危机"。如何解决民众的"认同危机",构成了当时一些先进中国人不断求索的重大问题。清末"维新派"的"新学"、"新政"与"新民"运动;辛亥革命前夕"革命派"的"国民性改造与革命"之论争;辛亥革命前后一些先进中国人的"国民性批判与新人说"的分析;"五四"新文化运动前后思想界"国民性改造的三种主义"的主张等等,这些变革与主张尽管在时间顺序上有阶段性,也存在一定的叠加和交叉,却清晰地表明了此时期中国人教育思想的演进历程:从传统教育思想的瓦解到"新民"教育主张再到"国民性改造"教育主张以及如何改造国民性的主义之争。

Crisis permeated all over the society in China in the early 20th century. In essence, this crisis can be described as a crisis of identity for which some enlightened intellectuals began to look for solutions from 1910s. There were some views or positions such as ＂new learning＂, ＂new policy＂ and ＂new people＂ movement in the last years of 19th century, the debate of “reforming the national character through revolution” right before the revolution of 1911, the criticism on the “national character” and the notion of new citizen after 1911, the contestation of “three ism for reconstructing national chatacter”. These clearly show that there were phases in the course of development of educational thoughts even though certain overlaps and intersection existed： the collapse of traditional educational thoughts, the proposition of cultivating“new people”, the conception of “ reconstructing national character”, and the debates on “how to reconstruct national character”.