云南省农村饮用水卫生学调查及评价

Drinking Water Quality Investigation in Rural Areas of Yunnan Province

目的了解云南省农村生活饮用水卫生状况,为今后制定农村改水政策提供科学依据。方法于2006年,以随机的方式从云南省以往的农村饮用水常规监测县中选取30个县(市、区)作为调查对象,通过查阅资料、入户调查、现场察看等,填写统一的农村饮用水调查表,调查内容包括调查县的基本情况、饮用水基本情况、分项覆盖(代表)人口。确定调查县后,按随机的方式选择水质调查点,每个县不少于10个调查点。于2006年丰水期8—10月,进行水样的采集、保存、分析和评价。结果共调查894.00万人,其中,以地面水为水源的人口占48.60%,以地下水为水源的人口占51.40%;饮用集中式供水的人口占52.18%,饮用分散式供水的人口占47.82%。本次共采集水样301件,合格111件,合格率为36.88%。以地面水、地下水为水源水样的合格率分别为37.60%和36.36%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。集中式供水的合格率为41.85%,高于分散式供水(21.92%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。除耗氧量(86.05%)、总大肠菌群(48.84%)、细菌总数(75.75%)外,色度、浑浊度、pH值、总硬度、铁、锰、砷、氟化物、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、氯化物指标合格率均在96%以上。同时,因地质原因,个别县(市、区)水质存在有铁、锰、砷等指标超标的情况。结论云南省农村生活饮用水水质亟待改善,微生物污染严重是主要原因。

Objective To realize the hygienic state of drinking water in the rural areas in Yunnan Province, the scientific evidences would be provided for drawing the policies about improving the drinking water quality in the rural areas. Methods From August to October in 2006, 30 counties were randomly chosen among the monitoring counties, in each county at least 10 sampling points were chosen randomly. The questionnaires were employed and the water samples were collected, the quality of drinking water was tested with the related standard methods. Results 8.94 million people were involved in the survey, 48.60% of them used surface water as the source of water. 52.18% of people were serviced by the central water supply. The eligible rate in 301 water samples in this survey was 36.88%, those of the samples of surface and underground water were 37.60% and 36.36% respectively. The eligible rate of samples from central water supply was 41.85%, higher than that from non-central water supply （P〈 0.01）. The eligible rates of 14 indexes were higher than 96%, excepting COD, total coliform group and total bacterial count. In the other hand, iron, manganese and arsenic were higher than Chinese standard limits in some survey counties due to geological factors. Conclusion The microbial contamination of drinking water is serious in the rural areas in Yunuan Province and the related improvement should be done in the future to prevent the water borne diseases.