引“情”入法：清代州县诉讼中习惯如何影响审断

Introducing "Qing" into Law:How Folk Customs Influence County-level Judicial Decisions in the Qing Dynasty

清代诉讼中州县官凭借律例和情理审断案件,其中的情既包括人情也包括民情。通过考察四川省南部县全清档案中州县官对"义让"和"转房"案件审断情况,可以发现符合律意的习惯和不符合律意的习惯,在州县审断中的影响。当习惯为国家律例所不禁,则州县官大胆运用,直接将民情引入审断,此为"道统"高于"治统"的必然;当其为国家律例所禁止,但考虑到地方的特殊性,州县官虽然不直接引用,但仍常以人情为借口,以"看似通达人情,实则迁就习惯"的方式平息讼争,此为现实高于理想的必然。

In the Qing Dynasty, the county magistrate judged disputes by Qing Code as well as Qingli （his sense and reason）. The latter incorporates relationship and the public feelings. This paper studies two categories of cases-moral comprise and marriage with sister-in-law-in the legal archives of Nanbu county to see how folk customs influenced county-level judicial decisions. When folk customs do not contradict with the imperial law, the magistrate cited them directly in their rulings. In case folk customs are in conflict with the state law, the magistrate cited them in the name of public feelings.