雨雪冰冻灾害干扰对杉木人工林土壤动物的影响

Impact of heavy snow storm and freezing rain disasters on soil fauna in Chinese fir plantation in southern China

2008年1月中国南方遭受了一场罕见的雨雪冰冻灾害,对基础设施、生态与环境造成了严重影响.为了分析雪灾对森林生态系统的长期影响,在以往定位观测的基础上,开展了土壤动物调查.根据湖南会同林区杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)纯林和杉木-桤木(Alnus cre-mastogyne)混交林在受到大规模雨雪天气干扰停止40d以后的土壤动物调查数据,并利用2007年同期的监测数据作为灾前正常水平的参照,选择土壤动物群落的2个主要参数(多度和群落组成)作为评价指标,初步评估了土壤动物对于灾害性天气干扰表现的弹性和抗性.结果表明:相对于灾前水平,灾后土壤动物发生了明显变化,微型土壤动物如线虫出现了爆发性增长,在纯林中线虫多度从2007年的12216.9ind·m-2增加到目前的118343.9ind·m-2,在混交林中线虫多度从2007年的25435.9ind·m-2增加到目前的84573.0ind·m-2;大型土壤动物的多度大幅下降,纯林和混交林分别下降27.0%和85.6%;纯林凋落层中型土壤动物多度显著下降,但纯林土壤层及混交林无显著变化.在土壤动物类群多度方面,从大到小的功能群恢复进程由慢到快,表明土壤动物类群多度可以作为评估干扰和其后恢复的一个敏感指标;在群落组成方面,利用群落排序没有检测到群落组成的明显变化,表明群落组成对于雪灾干扰有很高的抗性.

In January 2008, southern China suffered an unusual heavy snowstorm and freezing rain over a large area for almost a month long. This catastrophic event was the worst one in past 50 years, which brought the area a serious impact on the infrastructure, ecology, and environment. To understand the long-term impact of this catastrophic event on the forest ecosystems in this area, a field investigation was conducted on the soil fauna in a pure Chinese fir plantation and a mixed Chinese fir plantation-alder plantation in Huitong County of Hunan Province on March 23, 2008, the date 40 days after the heavy snowstorm and freezing rain. With the abundance and community composition as the main parameters and the monitoring data from the two plantations on March 23,2007 as the reference, the flexibility and resistance of soil fauna to the disturbances of the catastrophic event was preliminarily evaluated. The results showed that there was a significant deviation of soil fauna communities in the two plantations from the reference. An outbreak increase in microfauna nematode abundance was found from 12216.9 ind · m^-2 to 118343.9 ind · m^-2 in pure Chinese fir plantation and from 25435.9 ind · m^-2 to 84573.0 ind · m^-2 in mixed Chinese fir plantation-alder plantation, while a 27.0% and 85.6% decrease of macrofauna abundance was found in the two plantations, respectively, compared with the reference. Mesofauna abundance also had a significant decrease in litter layer but not in soil. The abundance recovery displayed a trend from quick rate for microfauna to slow rate for macrofauna, which indicated that the soil fauna functional groups, in terms of body size, could be used as a vulnerable indicator in evaluating disturbance event and post- disturbance recovery. By using community ordinations, no shift in soil fauna community composition was detected 40 days after the catastrophic event, suggesting that the community composition of soil invertebrate had a high resistance to catastrophic snowstorm and freezing rain disturbances.