新中国农业政策的嬗变与评述

The Evolution and Comment of China's Agricultural Policies Since the Founding of the P.R.C.

新中国农业政策总体上经历了三大时期和若干个阶段。即1949—1978年艰难曲折时期:主要实行以"工农产品剪刀差"为主要特征、对农业"多取少予"的"扭曲性"政策,从而导致城乡二元经济与体制结构形成;1978—1986年改革开放初期:建立以"家庭联产承包责任制"为核心,使农民成为经营主体的统分结合的经营体制,并继续巩固与完善相应的农业政策;1997—2008年改革开放深化时期:主要推行"粮食保护价"制度,实行农村税费改革,颁布《农村土地承包法》,逐步取消农业税,提出以发展现代农业和加强农业基础建设为核心,建设社会主义新农村,以促进农业发展和农民增收,走中国特色农业现代化道路等政策。综观建国以来农业政策目标与措施的嬗变,农业政策涵盖面比较广泛,所制定的政策方向日趋科学合理,增加农业产出和提高农民收入始终是农业政策的两大主题,但对农业非经济品还没有给予应有的重视,对非经济与经济品之间的联系缺乏必要的认识。

Since 1949, China＇s agricultural policy has gone through three periods and a number of stages on the whole. The difficult and tortuous period in 1950-1978： mainly characterized as ＂the scissors gap between the product prices of agriculture and industry＂, implementing the ＂distorting＂ policies-＂giving more and taking less＂ during this period, thus led to urban-rural dual economic structure and system formation; The early years of reform and opening up in 1978-1986： our party focused on the promotion of ＂the household contract responsibility system＂, so that the farmers became the operator of the main points of integration combined with the operating system, and continued consolidating and improving the corresponding agricultural policy; The deepening period of reform and opening up in 1997-2008： the implementation of the ＂grain at protective prices＂ system, the reform of rural taxes and fees, the promulgation of the ＂Rural Land Contract Law＂, phasing out agricultural tax, has been put forward for the developing modem agriculture and strengthening agricultural foundation for building the new socialist countryside, promoting agricultural development and farmers＇ income in order to follow the path of agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics. From the periods and stages of China＇s agricultural development since 1949, a dialysis of our party and the government＇s attitudes toward agrictdture, rural areas and farmers, concrete development ideas, and its main contents in different period, at the same time making the comments on China＇s agriculture Policy in the summary way.