生物礁的形成发育及其时空分布

Reef development characteristics and spatiotemporal distributions in the world

生物礁是重要的油气勘探对象，其生长发育主要受海底地形、地形构造高点、生物礁生长速率与盆地沉降速率之间的相互关系、陆原碎屑物输入量的控制。生物礁的形成发育分为定殖、拓殖、泛殖和统殖4个阶段。根据其发育程度划分为成熟生物礁、半成熟生物礁和未成熟生物礁三种类型。我国生物礁十分发育，广泛分布于西北、西南、华北、东南和南海北部大陆架地区的碳酸盐岩分布区，少量分布于松辽和渤海湾陆相盆地中，其中泥盆纪、二叠纪和新近纪时期是中国地质历史上3个主要造礁期。从全世界分布看，从前寒武纪一新近纪均有生物礁分布。元古代中期、中三叠世是最重要的生物礁发育时期，随着时代的变老，发现主要生物礁发育区离目前的赤道越远。

Reefs are the very important targets of oil and gas exploration.Their growth and development are mainly controlled and influenced by topography, tectonic features, relationship between rate of basin subsidence and reef growth rate, terrigenous influx. According to the features of occurrence and growth of reef can be divided into three types, they are mature reefs, semimature reefs and immature reefs. Reefs are widely distributed in carbonate formations of Northwest, Southwest, North China, Southeast and the South China Sea in China. Only a few reefs distribute in Songliao and Bohai Bay lacustrine basins. Devonian, Permian and Neogene are the main reef-formating stages in Chinese geohistory. Reefs occur widely in the formation from Precambrian to Neogene in the world. Middle Proterozoic Era and Middle Triassic are main reef growth stages. With increasing age, the area of major reef development are found further away from the present equator.