东汉小农阶层生活状况之研究

A Study on Peasantry's Life in Dong-Han Dynasty

东汉时代,小农生活困苦,自耕农虽然拥有一定数量的土地,可以耕作而食,生活也是仅够维持。而失去土地的流民们的生活就更为困苦。在天灾人祸的打击下,加之小农本身的脆弱性和不稳定性,其破产的现象不断发生。他们有的沦为佃农,有的成为雇佣劳动者,有的沦为奴婢,有的弃农经商,有的流亡,最后有的参加起义。也有一些从事其他职业。如卖卜行医、牧豕、担当傭卒或者从事傭、赁类职业。

During Dong-Han Dynasty, small farmers lived a poor life. While free farmers owned some land, but their standard of living was barely maintained. Displaced persons＇ life was even more difficult. Because of small farmers＇ vulnerability and instability, political darkness and natural disasters, the phenomenon of small farmers bankruptcy constantly occurred. Some had become farmers who cultivated the land of landlord, or the wage-earners or slaves. And some abandoned agriculture for business, or in exile, in the end some were uprising. Some were engaged in other occupations. For example, selling “Bu” and practicing medicine, pasturing livestock （pigs）, or engaging some jobs in local government and leasing career so on.