土耳其国家与宗教--凯末尔世俗主义改革之反思

The Nation and Religion in Turkey——Revision of Secularism Reform of Kemal

凯末尔世俗主义改革的主旨,与其说是政教分离,不如说是国家控制宗教。凯末尔世俗主义改革极大地强化了国家对宗教的控制,但这场精英主义运动没有抵达边缘,也没有接近民众。土耳其具有中心—边缘、国家与宗教双重二元结构,也具有作为边疆国家的特殊性与对欧洲和伊斯兰的双重身份认同,其国家与宗教的关系极为复杂。伊斯兰是奥斯曼—土耳其的主要和内在属性,欧洲性是土耳其的次要和外在属性。把伊斯兰定性为土耳其的内在属性,就可以理解和解释边缘的强大,世俗主义改革的受挫与历经数代人强力的世俗化后,具有伊斯兰教背景的正义与发展党在政治上的强势崛起。

The core of the secular reform of Kermal was national control of religion.This reform extremely enhanced national control of religion,but the reform dominated by elites didn't reached social edges and masses.The nation identity of Turkey has double dual structures of centre-edge and nation-religion for its special feature as a frontier country and dual identities both as a European and Moslem countries,so that the relation between state and religion in Turkey is very complicated.Islam is the internal character of the country of Ottoman-Turkey and European is the external and secondary character.As we regard Islam as the internal feature of Turkey country,it is easy to understand the continuities of the frustrated reform of secularization,also,it is not hard to explain the rising strongly of the Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi(AKP)after several generations of secular reforms in Turkey.