欧盟竞争法视野下的足球运动员转会规则

Application of EU Competition Law to Transfer Rules of Football Players

对欧盟利用竞争法对足球运动员转会市场进行规制的基本方法进行分析,并深入考查几种主要的足球运动员转会规则。研究认为,欧洲法院已经形成了一套完整的适用于体育行业的竞争法分析方法。在欧洲足球界使用的几种球员转会规则当中,符合欧盟竞争法要求的是本土培养球员规则和"转会窗"制度,而转会费制度、"3+2"、"6+5"制度都违反了欧盟竞争法,拟议中的"工资帽"制度的法律地位仍不明确。研究表明,对球员转会规则必须运用合理分析规则进行个案分析,体育运动的特殊性应得到重点考虑,间接的、短期的、灵活的球员转会限制措施在未来更容易通过欧盟竞争法的审查。中国足球运动员转会中实施的"倒摘牌"、"转会费"、"限薪令"等制度违反了《反垄断法》的有关规定,应加以修订。

This paper probes into the methods used by EU to regulate transfer market of football players, especially analyzing several popular transfer rules. It concludes that European Court of Justice has established an integrated methodology of applying competition law to sports. Among the transfer rules, home-grown players rule and transfer window are compatible with competition law, transfer fee and nationality restriction should be banned, while the legal status of the suggested salary cap is uncertain. In application of competition law to transfer rules, case by case review by rule of reason is necessary, and the special characters of sports should be respected. In the future, flexible transfer rules with indirect short-term restrictions are more likely to survive the examination of EU competition law. Measures taken in Chinese transfer market of football players such as inverse de-listing, transfer fee and salary restrictive order have violated antimonopoly law and should be revised.