“怀柔远人”的思想基础及清朝实践

On Ideological Foundation of Cherishing the Men from Afar and Its Practice in the Qing Dynasty

古代"天下中国观"与"夷夏之辨"是"怀柔远人"的思想基础。怀柔须建立在"德治"与"自治"的前提上。作为历代帝王的治术之一,怀柔的手段不外赐予、和亲、通商、教化等形式,以彰声威。最终目的是以"礼"来"定君臣之分,严夷夏之防"。作为儒家思想的表征,"怀柔"在很大程度上是理想的象征,但其影响深远。

The View of Tien Hsin in Ancient China and Yi-Xia distinction constitute the ideological foundation of ＂cherishing the men from afar＂. ＂Cherishing the men from afar＂ should be based on the premises of ruling by virtue and autonomous rule. As one of the governing arts employed by the emperors throughout the ages, it took such forms as grant, intermarriages for pacification, the establishent of trade relations, the practice of civilizing people in backwardness, with the ultimate goal of drawing a strict distinction between an emperor and his subjects and between Yi and Xia cultures, by means of virtue. As one representation of Confucianism, it was, to a great extent, a utopian ideal but exerted a far-reaching effect.