美国政府科技计划概述

Overview on Science and Technology Programs of U.S.Governments

美国联邦政府科技计划始于二战时期"曼哈顿"计划,并逐渐从单纯维护国家军事安全扩展到科技、经济领域,以期保持科技竞争优势和新兴产业掌控优势。在国家层面上,美国没有类似国家中长期科技发展规划纲要。联邦政府科技计划大多数是根据美国国会立法而制定,具有高度的权威性和法律的强制性。美国各科技计划的针对性、目的性很强,是为了解决特定领域的重点科技问题,指标清晰,规定详尽。政府科技计划项目产生的知识产权归项目单位所有,不论该单位营利或非营利,政府可以有条件无偿使用。

Science and technology programs of the U.S. federal government first came into being with the Manhattan Project during World War Ⅱ. The programs afterward are gradually expanded to cover science, technology and economy from defense simply safeguarding national military security with the aim to maintain competitiveness advantages of science and technology and emerging industries as well. The United States does not have anything similar to national guidelines for medium-and long-term plans for science and technology development at the national level. Most of the federal government programs are formulated in response to the request of relevant laws made by U.S. congress, which make them highly authoritative and legally mandatory. The government programs in general have very focused mission and objectives. They are designed to explore and provide solutions to some main issues of specific areas with precise targets and detailed management mechanism. The intellectual property rights derived from the programs are wholly the possessions of the institutions which conduct the project, regardless of their for-profit or not-for-profit nature. Governments have the rights to use those property without charge on certain conditions.