农村迁移工人的劳动时间和职业健康

Working Hours and the Occupational Health of Rural Migrant Workers

借助历史文献,回顾新中国工业化中的三次超时劳动和伤亡事故高峰,可以发现目前的劳动保护机制与市场经济不相适应,农村迁移工人的劳动保护尤其不足。针对这一群体的抽样调查和案例调查表明:第一,超时劳动与不良工作环境,显著地影响迁移工人的健康状况。第二,小时工资较低、汇款回乡较多、未签订劳动合同者,以及没有参加工会的男性技术工人,超时劳动的可能性更大。第三,超时劳动还与如下因素直接相关:政府和企业权力缺少约束,劳动力市场分割使迁移工人遭受排斥和歧视,在工资和劳动保护方面缺乏谈判权利。因此,改善迁移工人状况的关键,在于消除社会排斥和改革劳动保护机制;其切入点,当为建立工人与企业之间有组织的谈判与合作关系,同时强化政府的协调功能和公众的监督作用。

If we look back at the three peaks in excessive working hours and work-related casualties during the industrialization process of the People’s Republic of China on the basis of the historical literature, we find that the present mechanisms for labor protection are not suited to a market economy. This is especially the case with migrant workers. Sample surveys and case studies targeted on this group have found that: (1) Excessive working hours and poor working conditions have an obvious influence on the health of migrant workers. (2) Excessive working hours are more common among those paid by the hour in low wage jobs, those who send more of their wages home and those who have not signed employment contracts, as well as among skilled male workers who have not joined a trade union. (3) They are also directly related to the following factors: the lack of limitations on government and enterprise powers; the segmentation of the labor market, which leads to exclusion of and discrimination against migrant workers; and the absence of the right to negotiate on wages and labor protection. Therefore, what is crucial to improving the conditions of migrant workers is to remove social exclusion and reform labor protection mechanisms. We can make a start through the conduct of organized negotiations and cooperation between workers and enterprises, while at the same time strengthening the coordinating role of government and the supervisory role of the public.