种间相互作用对作物生长及养分吸收的影响

Effect of interspecific interaction on crop growth and nutrition accumulation

田间试验采用裂区设计,研究了蚕豆、大豆和小麦在两个施氮水平下与玉米间作对作物生长和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,与单作相比,间作对蚕豆生长和养分吸收无明显影响;间作促进大豆前期生长,但在玉米旺盛生长期其生长和养分吸收受到抑制;间作对小麦生长和养分吸收有明显的促进作用。与蚕豆间作,玉米能够获得更高的产量和养分吸收量;与大豆间作,对玉米前期生长有抑制作用,但玉米旺盛生长后其生长和养分吸收有明显增加;与小麦间作,在共处期玉米生长受到强烈抑制,小麦收获后玉米生长开始逐渐恢复。蚕豆/玉米间作具有产量优势,大豆/玉米间作为产量劣势;小麦/玉米间作在低氮条件下为产量劣势,提高氮肥用量可恢复以至达到单作水平。分析认为,蚕豆和大豆生物固氮和根系分泌物活化土壤磷的特点促进了玉米的生长,小麦强的根系竞争能力抑制了玉米生长;在共处期玉米的遮荫作用会抑制大豆的生长,而小麦收获后受抑制的玉米产量有向单作水平恢复的能力。表明选择合理的作物配置能够充分利用各种资源,促进种间有益作用,提高作物产量。

A split-plot experiment was designed to study the effect of two nitrogen application levels and interspecific interaction of faba bean, soybean and wheat intercropping with maize on crop growth and nutrition absorb. The results indicate that compared with sole, intercropping with maize have no significant effect on faba bean growth and nutrition absorb. Intercropping with maize promote the growth of soybean before florescence of maize but restrain its growth significant after that time. Intercropping with maize improved the growth and nutrition absorb significantly to wheat. Maize have more yield and nutrition absorb when intercropping with faba bean than sole, but it has been restricted when intercropping with soybean before florescence, and it has more benefit growth and nutrition absorb after that time. Intercropping with wheat, maize has been restricted during co-existed time, and it began to get back after wheat harvest. Land equivalent ratio of biomass at harvest is bigger to 1 when maize intercropping with faba bean but it below to 1 when it intercropped with soybean. Maize intercropping with wheat, the land equivalent ratio is below to 1 when wheat harvest but it increased and arrived at 1 with the growth of maize and more nitrogen applied. Aboveground and belowground interaction between crops determined interspecific reaction together. Effect of biological nitrogen fixation and acidification soil by excrete organic acid and proton from legumes to improve the availability of phosphorus could promote the growth of maize, but stronger ability of nutrition competition of wheat also restricted the growth of maize. Maize which have more bigger height could restrain the growth of soybean after its florescence. Specie has trends of come back to sole in biomass after another stronger competition companion specie harvest. The results indicate that reasonable collocation of species could improve the utilization of resources and got higher yield for intercropping species.