全球重要农业文化遗产——中国浙江青田稻鱼共生系统项目实施框架

The GIAHS-Rice-Fish Culture:China Project Framework

水稻是世界上最主要的农作物之一。长期以来,亚洲许多地方一直有在稻田中养鱼(并作或连作)的传统。据历史记录和考古研究成果,中国稻田养鱼的历史可以追溯到2000多年以前。稻鱼共生系统不仅是一种独特的生产方式,而且还是一种具有丰富内涵的传统文化。稻鱼共生系统可以提供多种产品和服务功能:保障粮食安全,提高营养水平,增加农民收入,防止疟疾传染,生物多样性保护,病虫害控制,促进授粉过程,促进碳氮循环,水土保持,以及文化传承和休憩等。但是,正像其他许多传统农业技术一样,由于受到快速经济增长、城市化和现代农业技术的影响,稻鱼共生系统也面临着严峻威胁。中国是联合国首批农业文化遗产保护试点国家之一,浙江省青田县龙现村的传统稻鱼共生系统被列为首批试点之一,其目的就是开发出一种农业文化遗产"动态保护和适应性管理"的方法论并进行推广。本文是按照粮农组织要求所编制的项目实施的国家框架,在全面分析中国,特别是青田稻鱼共生系统发展历史和基本特征的基础上,确定了项目实施的总体目标和具体目标。根据项目的总体要求和稻鱼共生系统在我国的发展前景,预期的主要成果包括:建立国家农业文化遗产认定标准体系,确定国家农业文化遗产名录,并作为推荐为全球重要农业文化遗产的基础;促进将全球重要农业文化遗产中具有重要意义的农业生物多样性的保护和适应性管理纳入国家有关部门的保护和发展规划与政策中;通过对社区广泛参与,促进试点地方的具有全球意义的农业生物多样性得到可持续的利用与保护,并通过采取适当的技术和政策手段促进传统农业系统生态过程与文化过程的发展;将试点所得到的经验向更大范围进行推广,建立国家农业文化遗产保护网络,促进全球农业文化遗产网络的建立。此外,还介绍了为达到这些目标所应采取的措施和开展的具体活动,提出了促进机制建设、资金支持、社会发展、生态保护的可持续性途径,给出了促进项目实施的具体执行框架和各利益相关方的责任与义务。

Rice is one of the principal food crops in the world. Over a long history, fish is cultivated in some wet rice fields, either concurrently or rotationally with rice in Asian region. Historical records and archaeological researches showed that China＇ s rice-fish culture could be traced back to about 2000 years ago. The rice-fish farming system is described not only as one of production style, but also as one of the traditional culture. The rice-fish system provides multifunctional goods and services： food security; quality nutrition and income generation; prevention of malaria; conservation of biodiversity; pest regulation; pollination; carbon and nutrient cycles; soil and water conservation and restoration; and social importance. However, liking many other traditional agricultural practices, rice-fish culture is facing threatens from the impact of rapid economic growth, urbanization and so-called modern agricultural techniques. China is one of the six pilot countries of this initiative, for which Longxian Village, Qingtian County, with its traditional Rice-Fish Culture RFC has been selected as a pilot system to develop a methodology for ＂dynamic conservation＂ of agricultural heritage systems. Based on the analysis of the history and general characteristics of the RFC in Qingtian County, the project goals and objectives, the expected outcomes and outputs and related activities were illustrated; different kinds of sustainability including institutional, financial, social and ecological sustainability were analyzed. At last, the implementation and management structure for RFC dynamic conservation and adaptive management was provided.