德国高校教师制度理念探析

On Ideas of Faculty Systems in Germany

以大学授课资格制、编外讲师制及讲座教授制为核心的德国高校教师制度随着时代的变迁发生了一定程度的变革。这一制度所形成的筛选体系与流动机制是经济理性的体现,而学术自由的理念则是这一制度建立与变迁的依据,两种理念很好地融合在整个制度中。学术自由理念的制度化是在新人文主义思潮的兴起、新型大学理念的繁荣、19世纪以前德国大学的改革,以及民族危机出现与民族精神兴起的背景下形成的。而19世纪初德国落后的经济状况、20世纪德国高等教育大众化进程的加快则是经济理性的理念得以彰显与强化的主要因素。

The faculty system in Germany based on habilitation, private lecturer and chair system has un- dergone some changes along the vicissitude of this country. The regulation of sifter and flow imbedded in the faculty systems embody the idea of economic ration and the idea of academic freedom, the foundation of the establishment and the reform of the system. The idea of academic freedom was formed with the rise of the new humanism, the prosperity of the new university ideology, the reform of the university before the 19th century, the appearance of the race crisis and the rise of the race spirit. The bad economic situation at the beginning of the 19th century and the development of massive higher education were the main factors for the emergence and reinforcement of the ideal of economic ration.