应用生物技术对奶牛进行基因改造的现状及展望

Status Quo and Prospects for the Genetic Manipulation of Dairy Cattle by Biotechnology

自从在乳品工业中使用可调控的凝乳酶重组体和牛生长激素后,基因操作已成为食品和农业生物工程学的前沿技术。早期对奶牛应用基因操作,目的是在牛奶中产生用于制药和医学的异种蛋白,这些应用为哺乳动物蛋白表达方面提供了先进的技术和经验,有助于对食物中的奶制品及奶蛋白进行遗传修饰。目前奶牛基因操作的研究领域主要还包括基因组定位、代谢途径、生长和发育、奶牛与微生物的相互作用。作者总结了这些领域的研究现状,综合一些技术、经济上的困难点和牛自身生殖系统上的限制对应用基因操作对奶牛进行基因改造进行了展望。

The dairy industry, with regulatory approvals of recombinant chymosin and bovine somatotropin （BST）, has been at the forefront of food and agricultural biotechnology. Early applications of genetic manipulation in cattle,may favor production of heterologous proteins in milk for pharmaceutical and medical use. Such applications could benefit genetic modification of milk and milk proteins for food use by providing advance knowledge and experience in mammalian protein expression. Other research opportunity areas that could affect prospects for genetic manipulation of dairy cattle include genome mapping, metabolic pathways, growth and development, and cattle/microbe interactions. In this review, we summary the status quo about them and prospects for the genetic manipulation of dairy cattle in consideration of some difficulties of technology and economy and some restrictions of the cattle genital system.