论清代对灾后流民的防范和安置

The Watch-Out for and the Allocation of the Disaster-Hit Refugees during the Qing Dynasty

清代对灾后流民的预防大体可分为未赈之前和已赈之后两种情形,其办法是劝告和清查户口,但由于救济不力和人口的压力,灾民外流的现象仍很普遍。为了让灾民尽快回原籍恢复生产,清政府采取了资送和留养的政策,对那些愿意回籍的灾民给予一定的费用,由官府派员护送回籍;对那些一时难以回籍的灾民先留养再资送。由于大量无业流民冒充灾后流民领取资送和留养费用,再加上有些灾民回原籍后仍会复出,致使这一政策的效果大打折扣。乾隆皇帝曾经想废止这一政策,但各地对流民的资送和留养并未真正停止。

The watch -out for and the allocation of the disaster - hit refugees during the Qing Dynasty is generally to be divided into that before, and that after, providing relief on the basis of advising and checking the registered permanent residence. Due to inadequate relief and over population, the outflow of refugees remained very pervasive. In order to allow those people to return to their origin places to resume production, the Qing govemment adopted the policy of sending them away and keeping somewhere by officials. For those difficult to go home, the Qing government first kept somewhere and then sent them away. As a result of the large number of unemployed pretended to be refugees to get compensations and some refugees who returned to their native places went out again, the effects of this policy were reduced. Emperor Qianlong had wished to repeal this policy, but it failed to cease in practice.