国际法上的“强行法”规范初探

"Jus Cogen" in International Law

国际法上的"强行法"规范是指由全体国际社会成员所公认且在缔约时不能贬损的那些国际法律规范,对此类规范的存在,国际社会已经形成普遍共识;其最初适用范围仅仅限于国家的缔约行为,但随后逐渐及于其它国家行为;国际法学说、条约及国际司法实践初步确认了某些具体的规则具有"强行法"规范的性质,但关于"强行法"的更为明确或具体的范畴问题,国际社会远未达成普遍共识,因而在"强行法"规范的识别及具体适用上存在相当困难;经过深入的国际法理论研究和有力倡导以及长期的国际法实践的推演,国际法上的"强行法"规范更有可能通过习惯国际法的方式加以产生;在条件成就时,再由习惯国际法规则演变或制定为条约国际法规则。

Jus cogens, an important norm in international law introduced into and recognized by the Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties in 1969, provides that no international treaty that derogates from jus cogens shall be concluded by the Contracting States; if concluded, such a treaty shall be void. While jus cogens has assured its status in the international law of treaties, an international consensus on the fundamental issues about jus cogens such as its nature, scope and effect has not yet been reached. As far as international practice is concerned, an explicitly specified scope of jus cogens, criteria of the norm＇ s identification and the procedure in which it is applied are not yet properly set up. In consideration of the theoretical and practical significance of the issue, the present endeavor is to maintain the essential issues of jus cogens such as its origin, scope, effect and criterion of its identification for the purpose of sharing their solution with colleagues specialized in this area.