青藏高原东部样带农牧民生计的多样化

Livelihood Diversification of Peasants and Nomads of Eastern Transect in Tibetan Plateau

随着草地退化和药材资源减少,青藏高原东部农牧民的生计受到了严重影响。农牧民如何利用生计资产实现生计多样化是该区域可持续发展面临的关键问题。实地调查采用PRA法,结合调查结果调整了生计资产评估指标,从样带尺度定量分析了高原东部高山峡谷区、山原区和高原区农牧民的生计资产现状、生计多样化特点和今后的生计策略。结果表明:①生计多样化是农牧民普遍采用的生计策略。高山峡谷区农牧民生计多样化水平较高,从事二三产业较多,普遍寻求发展型生计。而随着海拔升高,农牧民的生计多样化水平降低,从事的生计活动类型减少,发展型生计的比例也降低;②海拔较低的高山峡谷区和山原区,生计资产总值高,而海拔越高的高原区,生计资产总值较低,主要反映在人力资产和自然资产上;③居民所拥有的生计资产与生计多样化水平高度正相关;④农牧民近期仍基于生计资产改善生计策略;⑤高山峡谷区和山原区农牧民寻求发展型生计为高原区牧民提供了很好的借鉴。建议政府围绕生计多样化的制约因素进行投入,以提高牧民的能力,协助高原区牧民建立发展型生计。

Livelihoods of residents on the Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration. How to use assets to diversify livelihoods is a key sustainable development issue of this region. Applying PRA, new indexes of livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level being constructed and adjusted by household interview, this paper examines livelihood assets, livelihood diversification level and future livelihood strategies of peasants and nomads in three regions of eastern transect of Tibetan Plateau-high mountain gorge region, mountain plateau region and plateau region. The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy of this area. From high mountain gorge region to mountain plateau region and plateau region, livelihood diversification level is reduced and livelihood activities and the proportion of development oriented livelihood also decrease. Livelihood assets value and livelihood diversification level decreased with the increase of elevation, mainly shown in manpower assets and natural assets. It is highly positively correlative between livelihood assets value and livelihood diversification level. Nowadays, livelihood strategies of local residents still rely on assets they own. Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences of development oriented livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region. Therefore, aids of governments should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification of nomads and help improve their abilities to build up development oriented livelihoods.