鼠害治理条件下鼠类群落变动的生态过程

THE CHANGING ECOLOGICAL PROCESS OF RODENT COMMUNITIES DURING RODENT PEST MANAGEMENTS IN ALPINE MEADOW

在高寒草甸鼠害治理过程中，因治理方式、强度以及环境的差异，鼠类群落的变动表现出不同的特点。次生植被地区，灭杀高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔后，经补播、封育、灭杀残存高原鼢鼠等综合治理，５年内，高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔种群数量显著低于灭杀前（Ｐ＜０．０５），根田鼠和甘肃鼠兔种群数量剧烈波动，鼠类群落多样性、均匀度指数年间波动大，群落不稳定；仅使用药物灭杀高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔，３年后，高原鼢鼠种群数量与灭杀前无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），鼠类群落多样性、均匀度指数在灭鼠当年下降，以后各年间变动不显著。原生植被地区，使用药物灭杀高原鼠兔，高原鼢鼠种群数量上升，围栏封育措施，对高原鼠兔种群的增长有显著的抑制作用（Ｐ＜０．０５），但对高原鼢鼠作用不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；单一药物灭杀高原鼠兔，鼠类群落多样性、均匀度指数无显著变化，灭杀３年后，高原鼠兔种群数量与灭杀前无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），高原鼢鼠显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）。人工大量捕杀高原鼢鼠，非围栏封育地区，高原鼠兔种群显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）。

Rodent pest management is one of the important methods to prevent the grassland from degenerating. we aims to analyse and discuss the changing process of rodent communities after rodent pest managements in this paper. The results of five years study in alpine meadow are shown as follows. Using the poison baits to kill plateau pika and plateau zokor, sowing seed and controlling the grazing cattle in secondary vegetation, the population densities of plateau zokor and plateau pika decreased rapidly and have been kept their lower from increasing for five years. The densities of root vole and Gansu Pika which usually are lower in meadow fluctuated stongerly during those years. The diversity and evenness indices of rodent community have changed irregularly for many years. However, there are not significant difference among the diversity and evenness indices of community which used the poison baits to kill the two rodents in secondary vegetation after the second year.Killing plateau pika only with poison baits in primary vegetation, the population density of plateau zokor increased gradually. The density of the third year after killing is significantly higher than the first years.The treatment of fence and controlling the grazing cattle can keep the population density of plateau pika from increasing effectively. But it is not useful to plateau zokor. killing pika only with the baits can not prevent pika population from recovering in a few years. Furthermore,the killing cause zokor population to increase because the balance of rodent community has been broken. The treatment of capturing and killing plateau zokor cause the rodent indices of diversity and evenness to decrease in primary vegetation. Whereas, it can cause the indices to increase in artificial or semi artificial grassland.