地权交易与生产要素组合:1650—1950

Transaction of Property Rights of Land and Resources Allocation:1650—1950

明清以来,地权形态的发育及其交易形式的多样化,使土地流转趋于活跃,促进了生产要素的组合与资源配置。通过地权市场,农户将目前收益与未来收益进行调剂,可以在各种要素及其收益之间自由选择与多样化安排,实现其融通需求。各种生产要素处于动态组合之中,资本从各社会阶层流向土地,土地通过各种交易配置到具有生产效能的劳动力手中,从而提高了农业经济效率。中国经济的这一历史遗产,在国内长期未得到学术开发与创新性挖掘,相反,旧有成说使人们陷入历史认识的误区,并对现实的土地制度变革产生疑虑。

Due to the development of property rights of land and their variety of transaction, the distribution （allocation） of production factors and resources was facilitated in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Peasants and landowners made adjustment between current income and future earnings through land markets. They made free choices and diversified arrangement among several production factors and their returns. They met their financial demands in their lives and productions. Therefore, the production factors were in the dynamic allocations, with capitals from strata of society flowing to the land, as well as lands distributed to tlie labors with productive efficiency by all kinds of transaction. Agricultural efficiency was improved with few technology innovations. Unfortunately, the heritage of Chinese economy has not been developed in the academic research in China. On the contrary, the doctrines made people fall into error in the historical studies, as well as misgivings to the reform of land institution now.